Psych Brain&Behavior

Trepanning (trephination)

a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull (6500 b.c.)

Hippocrates's view of brain

Believed that the brain is the seat of intelligence (460bc-370bc). Key for sensation and perception, disrupted in epilepsy. First person to propose these theories

Rene Descartes

A firm believer that the mind and body exist as separate entities. Dualism

Dualism

The mind and body are two distinct substances and the brain is seen as the tool or medium

Descartes’ Reflex Arc

Proposed one of the earliest models of how the body responds automatically to stimuli without input from the brain

Franz Joseph Gall

(1758–1828) was a German doctor who started phrenology

Phrenology

The study of the conformation (build) of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character. A pseudoscience.

John Marthyn Harlow

(1819 -1907) American physican attended the surgery for phineas gage

Phineas Gage

a railroad worker whose frontal lobe was penetrated by an iron rod, survived, but he experienced severe personality changes, became very impatient, impulsive, easily disrupted

Pierre Paul Broca

(1824-1880) Physician, did postmortem brain studies of patients his area becomes known to be critical for producing speech, critical in the development of lateralization.

Carl Wernicke

(1849-1905) Physician, did postmortem brain studies of patients his area becomes known to be critical for language comprehension, critical in the development of lateralization.

Lateralization

The specialization of the two brain hemispheres for different functions.

Neuroscience

is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders

Neuroscientists

study the function of the nervous system in focus of Molecular level, Cellular level, Functional level, Behavioral level, Evolutionary perspective, Computational, Clinical perspective, Highly interdisciplinary field!

Brain

Controls memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body

Spinal cord

A collection of brain cells running from the base of the brain down the
center of the back

Spinal reflex

Automatic movement without brain input

Anatomical orientation

give clarity and precision when describing locations, pathways, and
relationships. Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral, Lateral, Medial.

Neuraxis (neuraxis)

Denotes the direction in which the central nervous system lies, in humans it bends at the brainstem

Spatial Orientation

Refers to the 3D positioning of the brain in space, especially when describing planes and axes.

The frontal or coronal plane

a vertical plane in a medial to lateral direction. Dividing the brain into front and back pieces

The sagittal plane

a plane through the midline of the brain. Dividing the brain into right and left regions

The horizontal plane

plane falls along the horizon. Dividing the brain into top and bottom regions

Dorsal

( from Latin dorsum 'back’): refers to the back Anatomical orientation

Ventral

(from Latin venter 'belly’): refers
to the front, or lower side, of an organism Anatomical orientation

Rostral

(from the Latin rostrum, meaning
"beak"): refer to the beak/nose Anatomical orientation

Caudal

(from the Latin cauda, meaning "tail"): refer to the back Anatomical orientation

Lateral

away from the midline Anatomical orientation

Medial

toward the midline Anatomical orientation

Meninges

series of three protective membranes that cover the CNS

Dura mater

Outermost meningeal layer, Thick, tough and fibrous, and Contains venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain

Arachnoid layer

Middle layer, thin, web-like membrane, Acts as a cushioning membrane, Subarachnoid Space, Between arachnoid mater and pia mater, Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater

Innermost meningeal layer, very thin and delicate, Adheres tightly to the brain’s gyri and sulci

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

a clear, colorless body fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts a shock absorber for the brain along with provides buoyancy, delivers nutrients and removes waste products of metabolism and
excess neurotransmitter