Biology MRSA and Cancer

Why do cells divide?

Reproduction, promote growth, and replace lost or dead cells

How do cells reproduce?

Mitosis and Meiosis

Asexual reproduction

New offspring is produced by a single parent, performed by bacteria

What is a type of Asexual reproduction?

Binary Fission, the cell copies its DNA then splits in two

Sexual reproduction

Takes two parents that create genetically unique offspring

How do cells sexually reproduce?

Gametes are formed via cell division

Function of chromosomes

Chromosomes contain genes, Chromosomes duplicate and then divide when the cell divides

Relation between DNA and Chromosomes

DNA contains the instructions for creating the human structure, Chromosomes are made out of DNA

First cell stage

Interphase: 90% of a cell’s life, performs its normal functions

Second cell stage

Mitotic phase: Cell is actively dividing

Third cell stage

Cytokinesis: The cell completely separates

What is mitosis

Process of cell division where a single nucleus splits into two cells, along with the chromosomes

What is Meiosis

A type of cell division performed by sexual reproducing organisms, by halving chromosomes

Point mutation

The substitution of one nucleotide for another in the DNA sequence

Frameshift mutation

Insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

How can a mutation in genes cause cancer?

Mutations can lead to cells growing out of control, creating a tumor, if the tumor spreads, it is cancer

How can radioactive isotopes be used to treat cancer?

Radiation can help destroy tumors in the body

How does the lymphatic system stage cancer?

If the lymph nodes nearby the tumor are infected or not can tell doctors how far along the cancer has progressed

What are lymphocytes?

A type of white blood cell that helps your body fight bacteria and cancer, there are two types: B and T cells

What do B cells do?

Make antibodies, which bind to antigens so they can be destroyed

What do T cells do?

Stimulate the creation of immune cells to take on invaders

What are benign tumors?

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body

What are malignant tumors?

An aggressive tumor that can spread and grow rapidly

What is the difference between normal and cancerous cells?

Cancer cells have uncontrolled growth, travel solo throughout the body, and are not repaired or replaced

Types of cancer treatments

Surgery can remove a tumor, radiation can disrupt cell division locally, Chemo can disrupt cell division through the body

How does the immune system recognize and destroy cancer?

By identifying abnormal antigens

Prokaryotic Cells

Small, unicellular organisms found in bacteria and archaea that divide using binary fission

Eukaryotic Cells

Large, found in plants and animals, divide using mitosis

How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

Attacking a part of the bacteria’s cell wall that is not found in human cells

Foundational points in Darwin’s theory of natural selection

Competition, Natural selection, Evolution

Artifical selection

Occurs in domestic populations and is man made

Natural selection

Occurs in natural populations and is what nature chooses is best

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Mutations in bacteria’s genes allow them to resist antibiotics, and these mutations are passed to the next generation

Bacteria prokaryotes

Unicellular, found everywhere, some cause disease, but most are helpful

Prokaryote size

Cocci, Bacilli, spiral

Archea prokaryotes

Unicellular, live in extreme conditions,

How can genetic material be transferred between bacteria?

Transformation, transduction, conjugation, and plasmid transfer

Transformation

Dead bacteria release DNA and other bacteria may pick it up

Transduction

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria, it can also move DNA from one bacteria to another

Conjugation

Bacteria form a physical bridge and transfer a chromosome

Plasmid Transfer

A plasmid lives inside bacteria and can replicate independently of the bacteria and transfer itself to another bacteria

How do bacteria reproduce?

Bacteria reproduce asexually, by splitting in two, as a result bacteria in a colony are genetically related

What stage of mitosis does the cell pinch into two separate cells?

Telophase

Dead or damaged cells are replaced by the process of

Mitosis

What cancer treatment is individualized?

Immunotherapy

What type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B cells

Properties of life

Order, energy and matter processing, reproduction, growth, response to environmental, adaptation

Are viruses alive?

Viruses cannot reproduce or do many other life’s processes outside of a host cell

What is the structure of a virus?

Nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, wrapped in a protein container called a capsid

Once a bacteria is infected it can enter one of two life cycles

Lytic or lysogenic

What is the lytic cycle?

Virus infects a host cell and then uses the cells machinery to duplicate, the infected cell bursts releasing new virions to infect other cells

What is the lysogenic cycle?

The virus integrates its genetic material into the host cells DNA, lying dormant until triggered to enter the lytic cycle

What is a prion?

An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions (Jakob disease)

What is a viroid?

A plant pathogen made up of molecules of RNA

First way our immune systems protect us

Skin, which forms a protective outer layer, Secretions, which prevent bacteria from multiplying

Second way our immune system protects us

The inflammatory response: If an area is not treated correctly, it will become red, swollen, and painful

Third way our immune system helps us

The Lymphatic system: Produces huge numbers of white blood cells if needed which attack invading microbes

Fourth way our immune system helps us

Memory: If an invader attacks again, memory cells give you lifetime immunity against it

Pfizer vaccine

Uses mRNA tech to make copies of a spike protein which our cells recognize dont belong and attack

Moderna vaccine

Same as pfizer

Novavax vaccine

It contains the spike proteins of covid and when injected stimulates the immune system to create antibodies