AB POWER ENGINEERING

Tractive work

What type of farmwork involves pulling or drawing efforts, such as plowing, land preparation, planting and seeding, crop cultivation, harvesting, and hauling?

Stationary work

What type of farmwork is usually accomplished using belts, gears, power takeoff, direct drive, or electric motors, such as water pumping, threshing, and milling?

0.10 hp

How much continuous power can a mature human develop under favorable conditions?

Human power

What source of farm power is best suited for operations requiring judgment and skill?

1/10 to 1/8

A horse working continuously for several hours at 2.5 mph should pull no more than what fraction of its body weight?

animal power

What is the source of farm power provided by horses and other working animals?

James Watt

Who conducted tests with an average horse to determine the power performance of a steam engine?

336 lb

How much coal could a horse lift one foot per second according to James Watt’s tests?

0.746 kW

What is one horsepower approximately equivalent to in kilowatts?

0.7 to 1.3 hp

What is the typical power range of farm animals?

Power = Force x Speed

What is the formula for power in terms of force and speed?

wind power

What early source of farm power uses moving air for purposes such as water pumping, milling, and electricity generation?

vertical or horizontal

How is windmill power classified based on shaft orientation?

Sail, metal, wooden

What are the classifications of windmills according to blade material?

2-4

How many blades do high-speed windmills typically have?

<300 rpm

What is the typical speed of low-speed windmills?

low-speed

What type of windmill is multi-bladed and designed for high torque, such as for water pumping?

water power

What source of farm power uses the movement of water masses to produce mechanical energy through water wheels or turbines?

Electric power

What source of farm power is extensively used for heating, lighting, water pumping, brooders, dairy equipment, and refrigeration?

Solar Energy

What renewable source of farm power is mainly used for drying and heating, with newer applications including electricity generation, cooling, refrigeration, and water pumping?

High investment cost

What limits the commercial use of modern solar energy technologies?

1,353 W/m²

What is the solar energy received per unit of time on a normal surface outside the Earth’s atmosphere at the average Sun-Earth distance?

690 W/m²

What is the approximate amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth?

Thermal

What type of solar energy application relies on heat from the sun for heating, cooling, or conversion into mechanical or electrical energy?

Photovoltaic

What type of solar energy application uses semiconductor materials, such as solar cells, to convert sunlight directly into electricity?

Solar collector

What device collects solar radiant energy and converts it into another useful form of energy?

Photovoltaic cell

What device directly converts solar energy into electricity using semiconductor materials?

Single crystal silicon solar cell

What is the most common type of photovoltaic cell, with an efficiency of about 16%?

Solar constant

What term refers to the amount of solar energy received per unit time on a unit area perpendicular to solar radiation at the outer limit of Earth’s atmosphere?

Direct radiation

What type of solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface without being deflected, intercepted, or absorbed by the atmosphere?

1,000 W/m²

What is the approximate intensity of direct solar radiation received at the Earth’s surface?

Biomass energy

What renewable source of farm power comes from organic materials originating from living organisms, such as wood, agricultural residues, and animal waste?

Thermochemical

What biomass conversion process includes gasification, pyrolysis and carbonization, and combustion?

Biochemical

What biomass conversion process includes ethanol and biogas production?

Beau de Rochas

Who formulated the essential operating principles for an efficient internal combustion engine in 1862?

Intake

What stroke draws the combustible mixture into the cylinder on an outward movement of the piston?

Compression stroke

What stroke compresses the combustible mixture on the inward movement of the piston?

power stroke

Ignites the mixture at maximum compression and produces an outward piston movement

Exhaust

What stroke discharges the products of combustion on the inward movement of the piston?

N. Otto

Who patented the first internal combustion engine operating on the four-stroke principle in 1876?

D. Clerk

Who patented the two-stroke engine in 1878 and perfected it in 1881?

R. Diesel

Who patented an engine using heat of compression for ignition in 1892 and perfected it in 1898?

Diesel engine

What type of engine uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel?

mass

A quantity of matter a body contains a respective of the kind of material of which it is composed.

Inertia

property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to remain address or continue in motion in a straight line.

momentum

A term applied to a body in motion, It is the product of its mass and velocity at any instant.

Force

is an action, exerted upon a body, that changes or tends to change it’s natural state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.

Work

What is done when a force applied to a body changes its state of motion, rate, or direction of travel?

Energy

What is the capacity of a body for doing work?

Potential energy

What type of energy is possessed by a body due to its position?

Kinetic energy

What type of energy is possessed by a body by virtue of its motion?

Torque

A turning or twisting effort or action.

Power

rate at which work is done

Gasification

What thermochemical biomass conversion process converts biomass into combustible gas by heating it with a limited supply of oxygen?

Pyrolysis

What thermochemical biomass conversion process breaks down biomass through heating in the absence of oxygen?

Engine

What is a device that transforms the chemical energy of combustible fuel into mechanical energy for doing work?

External Combustion Engine

What type of heat engine uses an external heat source to heat a working fluid, such as water, which expands to produce work?

Internal Combustion Engine

What type of heat engine has the ignition and combustion of fuel occurring within the engine itself?

Stirling engine

What type of external combustion engine uses a gaseous working fluid that does not change phase, similar to a steam engine?

Steam engine

What type of external combustion engine uses water as the working fluid and relies on its change from liquid to steam?

Electrical work (joules)

What is the amount of work done by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second under a pressure of 1 volt?

Electrical power (Watt)

What is electrical work done per unit time?

Indicated Horsepower

The power generated in the cylinder and received by the piston.

Belt of Brake Horsepower

Power generated in the belt pulley and available for useful work.

Friction Horsepower

What is the power consumed by an engine in operating itself at a given speed without any load?

Drawbar Horsepower

Power developed at the hitch or drawbar and available for pulling, dragging or similar tractive efforts.

PTO Horsepower

Power developed at the PTO shaft of the tractor and available for driving rotovators and other implement.

Hydraulic Horsepower

The fluid power required by the implement from the hydraulic system of the tractor.

Volumetric Efficiency

refers to the relationship of the quantity of fuel mixture actually drawn into the cylinder by the piston on the intake stroke and producing power to the actual volume of space displaced by the piston on this stroke (range 75 to 85%)

Thermal efficiency

ratio of output in the form of useful mechanical power to the power value of the fuel consumed

Mechanical efficiency

ratio of the useful mechanical power to the total power generated by the engine (75 to 90%)

engine

mechanical device that converts heat and other forms of energy such as wind, flowing water and electricity into usable power.

cycle

consist of the events, taking place in each cylinder of an engine between two successive explosions in that cylinder

two-stroke

Which engine cycle uses ports opened and closed by the piston instead of valves?

two-stroke

Which engine cycle does not require a valve operating mechanism because the piston controls the cylinder ports?

two-stroke

In which engine cycle does the fuel mixture usually enter through the crankcase before passing into the cylinder?

four-stroke

Which engine cycle produces one power impulse for every two revolutions of the crankshaft?

four-stroke

Which engine cycle requires a heavier flywheel in a single-cylinder engine to maintain more uniform speed between power impulses?

1-3-2

What is the firing order of a three-cylinder engine?

1-2-4-3 ; 1-3-4-2

What are the possible firing orders of a four-cylinder engine?

360/ no. of cylinders

What is the formula for firing interval in a two-stroke cycle engine?

720/ no. of cylinders

What is the formula for firing interval in a four-stroke cycle engine?

Tractor

What is a self-propelled machine designed to supply power, pull mobile machines, and operate stationary or mobile equipment?

Clutch

What component transmits power from the flywheel, absorbs impact loads, allows gradual application of load, and permits gear changes without stopping the engine?

Gear box

What component provides different speeds and directions of travel and supplies the required torque for different work applications?

Differential

What component of the tractor power transmission system supplies different speeds to the ground wheels when turning and serves as the second speed reduction point?

Brake system

What component of the tractor power transmission system reduces the speed or stops the tractor?

ROPS

Cab or frame installed on an agricultural tractor to protect the operator during accidental overturning.

Three-point linkage

What tractor component consists of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and implement at opposite ends?

Tractor drawbar

What is the rigid bar at the rear of a four-wheel tractor used to hitch trailed implements and equipment?

Power Take-Off Shaft

What external shaft at the rear of a four-wheel tractor provides rotational power to implements and machines?

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: A good fuel must have a reasonably high energy value.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: A good fuel should vaporize only at high temperatures.

Methane

What gaseous fuel has the chemical formula CH₄?

LPG

What type of fuel consists of propane or butane?

Cetane rating

What is the designated ignition quality of diesel fuel determined by comparing it with a standard blend of cetane and alpha-methyl naphthalene?

Heating value

What is the amount of heat energy contained in a fuel, often expressed in BTU?

Ethanol

What type of alcohol is produced from grain crops, sugar crops, starches, and crop residues?

Methanol

What alcohol can be produced from coal, natural gas, petroleum, or wood?

Grain alcohol

What is ethanol commonly known as?