World History with Jones, Mississippi College, Test 1

In what time period were humans adapting to use stones as tools to carve, kill, etc?

Old Stone Age

People in this time period were hunters and gatherers

Old Stone Age/Paleolithic

People in this time period did not yet know how to grow crops. Instead they killed animals using "kill sites" and ate gathered berries

Old Stone Age/Paleolithic

Nomadic people lived in this time

Old Stone Age/Paleolithic

People in this time traveled in bands of 20-30 people, usually extended family groups. Did not stay in one spot due to having to hunt and gather and not yet being able to plant crops.

Old Stone Age/Paleolithic

Agricultural Revolution (date)

9,000 - 7,000 BCE

Agricultural Revolution (term)

Happened during the NEW Stone Age (or Neolithic age). Domestication of both crops and animals. People became food producers instead of simply gathering, resulting in better health and the ability to live in a single area.

People migrated during this time period

Old Stone Age

People lived in Pastoral villages near river valleys during this time

New Stone Age

In what age did this happen: Instead of living in bands of 20-30 people, they are now living in a structure as a *nuclear family*

Neolithic / New stone age

Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution

1) Permanent Settlements, 2) Instead of living in bands of 20-30 people, they are now living in a structure as a *nuclear family*, 3) ability to produce surplus of food and trade, 4) specialization of trade, 5) issues of private property emerges, 6) concept of writing emerges to keep track of trading, 7) territoriality emerges, resulting in warefare, 8) gendered labor division, 9) women began to be seen as "less than" and only to produce more laborers

Bronze Age / Civilizations (date)

3000 BCE

6 building blocks of a civilization

city, military / political structure, social structure, economic structure, religious structure, intellectual structure

date when civilizations emerge

3000 BCE

Why was Mesopotamia called the "Fertile Crescent?"

It was positioned between the Tigris and Euphrates river, which made it a fertile place for growing crops

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers represented what for the Mesopotamians?

life and death (frequent and unpredictable flooding, ice melting from rivers)

Why were the mesopotamians so pessimistic?

Life was unpredictable. unpredictable flooding, frequent invasions (difficult defense system because they were at a low elevation spot), no natural defense systems, and they had to build mud-brick walls around each city as a defense system

The basic unit of society for mesopotamians was what?

the city-state

Dates for Mesopotamian society

300 BCE to 539 BCE

What was the political structure for mesopotamia?

Theocracy (king was religious leader and religious leader was king)
each city-state was its own entity with its own king.

Ziggurats

Built in each city-state of Mesopotamia to appease and channel whatever was the chief god in that city-state.

Epic of Gilgamesh, basics

- Set in Uruk in Mesopotamia
- King was Gilgamesh -- arrogany, mean and selfish
- people cry out to their god, Anu, and he makes a king equal in strength to Gilgamesh named Enkidu. Enkidu emerges from outside city. Before he can come inside the city he has to become civilizaed because he was like an animal when he was first made.
- Shows how Mesopotamians went from pastoral people to being civilized, like Enkidu.

What was the social structure of Mesopotamia?

1) Elites
2) Dependant Commoners
3) free commoners
4) slaves, impoverished, beggars, peasants

Code of Hammurabi

- oldest documented laws
- 282 Laws
- Babylonian king set laws when the Babylonians invaded the Sumerians and he wanted to set a standard of living for Sumerians.
- penalties were based on class. More harsh if you were free commoner or slave because they could not afford to lose their elites.
- deal with economic injury, known as a tort, and economic forms of paying back (eye for an eye)
- elites did not recieve as much punishments.

women in Mesopotamia

had fewer rights. Father has the power in the social structure. Women could not own property, inherit property, or have jobs.

Cuneiform

earliest style of writing developed by the Sumerians. In form of symbols and pictures.

Egypt (dates)

3100 - 1069 BCE

Geography of Egypt

Nile River and Mediterranean sea. Natural barriers of red land, cataracts, and mediterranean sea. cities positioned along nile river. fertile ground. difficult to invade because medeterranean sea flowed against nile rivers.

Natural barriers of Egypt

red land, black land, cataracts, and mediterranean sea

Delta (egypt)

most fertile ground at top. outlet for trading and travel

True/false: The Egyptians were an optimistic people

true

King Menes

united people of Egypt who were formerly divided to upper and lower Egypt

Nomes and Nomarchs

Nomes were regions or states in Egypt, and Nomarchs were rulers over those regions

Pharaoh means _________ _________

Great House

Explain the 3 kingdom periods

Kingdom periods were longer and marked by stability and order. Between each kingdom period there is an intermediate period that was short and marked by crises or disroder.

Old Kingdom (Egypt)

first stable period in Egypt. Kings became Pharaohs. Pyramid of Giza was built in this time.

Pyramid of Giza

oldest known pyramid, build in the old kingdom period of Egypt.

1st intermediate period (egypt)

internal crises. 1st period of crises over selection of new Pharaoh after the first Pharaoh dies. Lasts for 10+ years.

Middle Kingdom Period (egypt)

Egypt's Golden Age, a time of expansion and stability .The Pharaohs begins to be less aloof and more like shepherds to their people.

2nd intermediate period (egypt)

external crisis. Invaded by the Hyksos people. External crises, invaded by the Hyksos people. Egyptians adopted the war chariots style of fighting from the Hyksos who conquered them with that style of fighting and becomes more militaristic.

New Kingdom Period (egypt)

Egypt is more militaristic. Pharaoh Amenotep IV tries to get Egyptians to become monotheistic and only worship Aten instead of being pantheistic, but it doesn’t work. They rebel.

What kind of religious system did Egypt have?

Egypt was a theocracy, but their Pharaoh was considered to be divine.

the 6 classes of Egypt in order

Pharaoh, Viziers and priests, scribes and noblemen, craftsmen and merchants, farmers, slaves

What rights did women have in Egypt?

They were able to own property and operate shops. There were also at times 4 or 5 female Pharaohs.

Re

Egypt's primary god, the sun god.

Pyramids in Egypt

part of burial and afterlife

Osiris

egyptian god of the afterlife. He represents resurrection. If Pharaoh's heart weighed less than a feather, he would go with Osiris to the afterlife.

Book of the Dead

written by priests to explain proper mummification process in Egypt

Ka

Egyptian god that would provide the Pharaoh with a place to rest after the afterlife after he has been mummfied (?)

Ma'at (egypt)

cosmic balance between good and bad that a person did to deserve (or not deserve) an afterlife.

Amenhotep IV (Akenaten)

Tried to instill monotheism across Egypt unto Re
After his death the Egyptians revert back to polytheism

hieroglyphics

Pictographic form of writing invented by the Egyptians

Ancient India (dates)

3000 - 183 BCE

Geography of India

Subcontinent
surrounded by water
Himalayan mountains protect them from invaders
Indus River and Ganges River (considered to be holy by people)
Dry monsoon season and wet monsoon seasons happened due to India being in a plateau

How did the Athenian empire grow?

Athens and Sparta realize their fundamental differences (oligarchy vs. democracy)
Athenians forms the Delian League
Athens begins to create a land empire and naval empire

Pericles funeral oration

to the dead athenians. Talks about why Athens is better than Sparta.

Peloponnesian War (date)

431-404 BCE

Peloponnesian War (term)

War between Sparta and Athens, Sparta destroys Athens at Aegospotami

Delian League

formed by Athens

Peloponnesian League

formed by Spartans

When and why did Greek independence officially end?

In 338 BCE when King Philip II of Macedonia attacks Greece, both Athens and Sparta, while they are weak and defeats them. Battle of Leuctra

Herodotus

wrote the book "Histories", first real history book and was about the Persian Wars. Not objective or factual

Thucydides

considered to be the best historian. Wrote "History of the Peloponnesian War", wrote about causes and effects of the war.

Socrates

Greek philosopher who developed the Socratic method of teaching, using question and answer. He was condemned to death because he was questioning things like the purpose of the Peloponnesian war and the formation of the Delian league

Plato

student of Socrates; believed in teaching men and women equally; wrote The Republic; believed in training one's mind to achieve truth; distrusted democracy and believed the ideal state would be through a king who was a philosopher; considered to be the greatest Greek philosopher

Aristotle

Student of Plato; believed that by examining objects, one can perceive their form and understand universal principles; wrote on astronomy, ethics, biology, etc; believed that a constitutional government would be best; developed the Golden mean; did not believe in women being educated or given rights because they are inadequate and "infertile men"; taught Alexander the Great

Effects of the Peloponnesian Wars

1. Weakens the Greeks
2. Greeks are at the point of greatest division as Philip II of Macedonia begins to build his empire
3. In less than 70 years, Greece independence ends (338BCE)