LIN3010- Midterm Exam UF

lingustics

the scientific study of the structure, sounds, and meaning of language

3 faces of language

meaning, expression, context

expression

forms

meaning

refers to the thoughts and feelings that people intend to communicate to one another

context

the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it

language forms are arbitrary

true

Systematic (grammatical)

patterns in language based on rules that are acquired unconsciously

Discreteness

minimal units of sound and meaning may be combined in different ways to communicate messages

Duality

collection of meaningful pairs and vice versa

EX: bookbag --> 'book' and 'bag'

Displacement

Can talk about the past, present, and future

productive

endless number of structures can be created (recursion)

Phonetics

study of speech sounds

Phonology

the sound system of a language

Morphology

units of meaning involved in word formation

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

3 main areas in phonetics

acoustic phonetics

Auditory phonetics

articulatory phonetics

articulatory phonetics

The study of how speech sounds are made or articulated.

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

Voicing

whether the vocal cords are vibrating or not

place of articulation

refers to the specific articulators employed in the production of a particular phoneme; the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in production of a consonant

manner of articulation

the extent to which airflow is interrupted by parts of the mouth in the production of consonant sounds

high front vowels

i (bead) & I (bid)

mid front vowels

/e/ (make)

/E/ (let)

low front vowel

æ- one of the lowest vowels in English ->tan, sat

mid central vowels

ə (above), ʌ (butt)

low central vowels

a (park)

high back vowels

u-> spoon, ʊ-> put,

mid back vowels

o-> coat, ɔ-> fought

low back vowel

ɑ

"cod"

Dipthong

2 vowels in which the sound begins at the first vowel and moves toward the sound of the second vowel (snout=ou/boy=oy)

[aɪ] , [aʊ] , and [ɔɪ]

minimal pairs

a pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog)

distinctive features

the attributes of phonemes that differentiate one from another on the basis of a binary principle

Allophone

phones that do not differentiate meaning

phoneme

phones that do make a meaning difference

phone

sound

phonological rules

a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

free morpheme

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word

ex house

bound morpheme

A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre

Affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

circumfix

a bound morpheme, parts of which occur in a word both before and after the root

derivational morphemes

affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech

ex: -ful, -ness, -er, OR re-, dis-, in-

inflectional morphemes

change the function of a word, such as in number, tense, etc. creating a new word. example: add "s" to cat to create the plural cats or ed to hint to create the past tense hinted. inflectional morphemes carry grammatical information.

derivation

That process by which a word is traced from its original root or primitive form and meaning.

ex: true --> untrue

Compounding

two or more free morphemes combined to create a new word

ex: website, sunshine, blind date

Clipping

A new word created by shortening an existing one, e.g. phone.

acroynm

a word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words

ex: FLOTUS, NATO

Initialism

Sounded as the initials of the word, e.g. BBC.

Blending

combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words.

ex: smog, brunch

shifting (functional)

move word from one word class to another

ex: update (v) ---> update (n)

shifting (semantic)

extending meaning of word to new uses

ex: bookmark (a website)

borrowed words

words imported from other languages. Example: taboo comes from Tongan and means forbidden act

coinage

the invention of new words

ex: sandwich (Earl of Sandwhich), Google, Kleenex

isolating morphology

few meanings per morpheme, few morphemes per word, no prefixes or suffixes are used

agglutinating morphology

one meaning per morpheme, several morphemes per word

inflectional morphology

adds grammatical information to the word, like plural, past tense, present tense (-s, -ed)