QUIZ 1- GYNO

fundus

top portion of the uterus

transabdominal

imaging through the abdomen

electronic medial record (EMR)

electronic database containing all the patient information

picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

database that stores radiologic images

transvaginal/endocavity

within the vagina

scanning protocol

list of images required for a complete exam

bioeffects

biophysical results of the interaction of sound waves and tissue

perivascular

around the vessels

ascites

fluid within the abdominal or pelvic cavity

transducer footprint

area of the transducer that comes in contact with the patient and emits ultrasound

adnexa

area around an organ

modality worklist (MWL)

electronic list of patients entered into a modality such as ultrasound which helps reduce data entry errors

lithotomy position

position of the patient with the feet in stirrups often used during delivery

endocavity

inside a cavity such as the abdomen or pelvis

radiology information system (RIS)

physical or electronic system designed to manage radiology data such as billing reports and images

nongravid

nonpregnant

hospital information system (HIS)

paper-based or computerized system designed to manage hospital data such as billing and patient records

A method used to classify the embryo, placing the embryo into categories depending on age, size, and morphologic characteristics is called

carnegie staging

fetal period genitourinary anomalies include all except

pre-embryonic fusion

cloacal anomalies can result in

hydrometrocolpos

an ultrasound exam of a patient with hematocolpos should include imaging of the

kidneys

the most common mast lesions in neonates are of

renal orgin

often development abnormalities in the female pelvis become apparent

at the onset of puberty

the pre embryonic phase, also known as the first carnegie stage last into the

3rd week

if the male gamete, which is capable of contributing either an X or Y chromosome, contributes an X to the ovum, the result is

a female zygote

precursors to the female ovaries and to the male testes are

gonadal ridges

diploid chromosomes are a result of fertilization and result in a count of

46 chromosomes

what cells produce a gender appearance

primordial germ cells

at birth that are approx ______ oogonia in the female newborn

1 million

the vaginal fornices surround the end of the

cervix

which would be an inaccurate diagnosis for the finding of a hypoechoic structure in the fetal pelvis

hemangioma

gender is determined at approx ______ days

44-49

mullerian ducts fuse to develop the uterus and

fallopian tubes

the normal male chromosome configuration is

46XY

what hormone is absent in female fetus that causes regression of the mesonephric ducts

Male inducer substance

what system develop in tandem in the embryo and are still closely associated in the adult

reproductive and urinary

hydronephrosis and hydroureter can display as a mass in the fetal

pelvis

complications fro uterine and vaginal malformations do not occur from

distal ductal regression

germ cells that migrate from the yolk sac to the gonadal region form the

genital ridges becoming sex cords

apoptosis is related to

regression of the uterine septum

sonography is useful in imaging______ a combination of menstrual blood, fluid and secretions in the distended vagina and uterus caused by imperforate hymen

hematometrocolpos

arrested development of the bilateral mullerian ducts causes

hypoplasia of both the uterus and vagina

MRKH and MURCS are related to

fetal renal and spinal anomalies

the wolffian duct forms the sinovaginal bulbs which the mullerian tubercle finally becomes:

lower one-fifth of the vagina

uterine agenesis is imaged best in the

sagital plane

defects of vertical vaginal fusion can result in the formation of a transverse vaginal septum, which can cause

obstruction and hematocolpos

initially a transverse vaginal septum requires all but

laparoscopy for endometriosis

the easiest vaginal anomaly to view sonographically is

complete absence of the vagina

which imaging modality is extremely helpful if hematometrocolpos or hematometra distorts the reproductive organs causing limited imaging capability using ultrasound

MRI

Sonohysterography is also known as

saline infused sonography (SIS)

choose the most effective diagnositc method for determining uterus unicornis

HSG

Bicornuate uterus is related to

cervical incompetence

Choose a definite method for distinguishing bicornuate uterus from septate anomalies

MRI, 3D endovaginal sonpgrpahy

complete midline failure of mullerian ducts fusion results in

uterine didelphys

the uterine septum consists of

poorly vascularized fibromuscular tissue

uterus didelphys more than any other mullerian anomaly is associated with

renal agensis

anomalies of the fallopian tubes include

luminal atresia, absent muscular layer and absent ampulla

Gravida

number of pregnancies

Para

number of pregnancies over 36 weeks

Abortion

number of failed pregnancies

Term

number of live births

Patient prep for transabdominal exam

Drink at least 32 oz to be finished at least one hour prior to the exam

Patient prep for transvaginal exam

empty bladder and give formal consent

To evaluate cervix during a transvaginal exam

pull probe out slightly and angle posteriorly

What anomaly is this

didelphys

what anomaly is this

uterus duplex bicornis

what anomaly is this

uterus bicornuate

what anomaly is this

uterus unicornuate

what anomaly is this

complete septate uterus

what anomaly is this

subseptate uterus

what anomaly is this

arcuate uterus

what anomaly is this

DES- T shaped

Carnegie stages classify the embryo by what

by age, size, and appearance of structures in the first 8 weeks of development

What systems develop simultaneously, resulting in coexisting malformations

reproductive and urinary

When does the determination of chromosomal gender or sex occur?

The time of conception (fertilization)

Where are gonadal ridges located (mesoderm)

anteriomedial sides of the mesonephros

what are the gonadal ridges precursors to

female ovaries and male testes

The first stage kidney is called _____ and forms in _____

pronephros, during 5th week

Second stages kidneys are called _____ and form during

mesonephros, during 6th week

the migration of what cells results in the development of the gonads?

primordial germ cells into the gonadal ridge

What do fused mullerian ducts develop

normal uterus, fallopian tubes, and the broad ligmanet

the broad ligament is a fold of what structure

peritoneum

How does vaginal formation occur

development of the urogenital sinus and the primitive cloaca

Body folding

period before embryonic disc folds into tube

Just before and as the primordial germ cells invade the genital ridge, epithelial tissue grows into the mesoderm, forming the _______

primitive sex cords

Primitive sex cords connect to:

mesonephric duct

Indifferent gonad

gonad cannot be distinguished as male or female

SRY Gene

sex determining region on Y

determines gonad will be testes

Sertoli cells secrete Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

causes paramesonephric ducts to degenerate

Leydig cells secrete

testosterone

some gets converted to dihydrotesterone which leads to differentiation of male genitalia

Tunica albuginea

forms, separates testis from surface epithelium

Medullary cords eventually form

rete testis

Testis cords remain solid until the male reaches puberty when they hollow out to form

seminiferous tubules

Mesonephric ducts form

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct

appendix epididymis is a remnant of the

paramesonephric ducts

What forms on each side of the urethral folds

genital swellings

What makes up a primordial follicle

primary oocyte and surrounding follicular cells

In all embryos, the paramesonephric orginates from the

urogenital ridge

What divides the pelvis into anterior and posterior regions

the uterus and broad ligament

Eopoophoron

remnant of mesonephric duct

found in broad ligament between fallopian tube and ovary