Period 3 APUSH review

What CAUSED the Seven Years' (French and Indian) War?

The growing population of the British colonies EXPANDING into the interior of N. America (the Ohio Valley!), & the Iroquis allying w/ British.

THREATENED French/Native trade networks and Native autonomy.

What were the IMPACTS of the French & Indian war?

French are REMOVED from N. America: lost a trading partner.

British colonists want to EXPAND on to native land (which leads to Pontiac's Rebellion & the Proclamation Line of 1763). Britain gains MASSIVE amounts of land in N. America.

How did the French and Indian war cause the end of Salutary Neglect?

Britain became in debt after the war so they looked to the colonies to raise REVENUE & to gain more control over them. So, they ended their "hands-off" approach aka salutary neglect and began to collect taxes. (Sugar Act 1764, STAMP ACT 1765).

Tensions from 7 Years War lead to the American Revolution.

How did Britain & Native Americans feel about British colonists moving westward?

British attempted to prevent colonists from moving westward (which created colonial OPPOSITION) through the Proclamation Line of 1763 which forbade expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains. Natives wanted to continue trading with Europeans & RESIST encroachments (intrusions) of colonists on their lands (Pontiac's Rebellion 1763).

What united the colonists AGAINST the British?

New British efforts to collect taxes WITHOUT direct colonial representation or consent (parliament created taxed w/o colonial representation but stated they were "VIRTUALLY" represented) (Colonists were ok with colonial taxes bc of representation). So colonists successfully BOYCOTTED taxes (Stamp, Tomshend) & developed more RESOLVE in their cause.

How did the colonists justify their resistance?

Said they had the same rights as British subjects: rejected "virtual representation" (idea that Parliament acted in the best interest of ALL British subjects).

Said they had Rights of Individuals: (taxation, writs of assistance-- court orders that enabled British soldiers to carry out searches, admirality courts-- had no trial by jury & were guilty until proven innocent)

ENLIGHTMENT IDEAS: consent of governed, "life, liberty, & property"

Local tradition of self-rule: colonists had the ability to ELECT colonial representatives.

Who/what were some of the colonial leaders & movements who energized & were involved in the independence movement?

Leaders: Paul Revere & John Hancock-- wealthy merchants that protested taxation. Ben Franklin-- argued America contributed significantly to the 7 Years War; he was a co-writer of the Dec. of Ind. & helped gain French support during the war.

Grassroots movements (laborers, artisans, & women) -- Mary Otis Warren was a writer who urged independence.

What was the "Patriot Mobilization"?

In the face of economic shortages & British military occupation of some regions, men + WOMEN helped contribute to the war effort through FINANCIAL & material support.

What were some of the British advantages in the Revolutionary war?

LOYALIST opposition (20% and HIGHER in some areas).

BIGGER military and more $$$.

What were some American advantages in the Revolutionary war?

Familiarity with the LAND, George Washington's military LEADERSHIP, deep commitment to their cause, and foreign aid (FRANCE).

What was the TURNING POINT battle of the Revolutionary War?

The Battle of Saratoga in 1777. Afterwards, the French came to our aid (HUGE).

How did the Enlightenment (& the ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause) inspire American political thinkers?

Began to emphasize INDIVIDUAL talent over HEREDITARY privilege (Primogeniture-- eldest inherits most/all property-- was OUTLAWED in many states after the war).

Religion (1st Great Awakening) helped many Americans to view themselves as blessed with liberty.

What were some of the documents that REFLECTED the new beliefs about govt that had been developing over the course of the 18th century?

Thomas Paine's COMMON SENSE (Challenged King George 3, said it was "common sense" to break away from the corrupt monarch. Said a little island could not rule a larger continent).

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: Inspired by Enlightenment ideas (John Locke & Thomas Paine), said all man have NATURAL RIGHTS of "Life, Liberty, & the pursuit of Happiness).

What were some of the inequalities/ movements that were gaining increased awareness in society during & after the Revolutionary War?

Some individuals calling for abolition of slavery (Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Law 1780-- prohibited importation of slaves into Penn & said all children would be born free even if their parents weren't. Model for other Northern states to FOLLOW).

Increased calls for greater political DEMOCRACY (Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies", Judith Sargent Murray advocated education for females)?

What was republican motherhood and what was its impact?

In response to women's participation in the revolution & Enlightenment ideas, "republican motherhood" gained popularity. Called on women to teach/instill REPUBLICAN VALUES in children & families. Increased political opportunities for women & gave them a new importance in American political culture.

How did the American Revolution and the ideas in the Declaration of independence IMPACT the world?

Inspired REVOLUTIONS across the world: French Revolution 1789, Haitian Revolution (Toussaint L'Ouverture helped Haiti gain independence from France 1804), many spanish colonies in Latin America gained INDEPENDENCE in early 19th century.

What were many of the new STATE constitutions like?

• Feared strong CENTRALIZED power (like Great Britain before Rev).

• Articles of Confederation & state constitutions had strong LEGISLATIVE branches.

• PROPERTY requirements for voting & citizenship (fear of the masses-- Hamilton)

The Articles of Confederation UNIFIED the newly independent states & created a central govt w/ LIMITED power: What were some CHALLENGES under the Articles as a result of this?

• Trade: states could place TARIFFS on goods from other states; discouraged trade (commerce) btwn states

• Finances: States could COIN their own $; differing values, high inflation in some states, & discouraged trade. Many states had debt from Revolution so increased taxes, but the Fed govt couldn't require taxes.

• Foreign relations: Britain refused COMMERCIAL treaties with US & congress couldn't control commerce (so can't place sanctions on Britain). Spain cut off access to the Mississippi River & both Spain & Britain gave Natives WEAPONS.

• Internal unrest: SHAY'S REBELLION (mass farmers demanded debt relief & attacked court houses).

PROBLEMS MADE AMERICANS REALIZE THEY NEEDED A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVT.

What did the delegates from the states (at the Constitutional Convention) propose for a new constitution?

They created a limited govt that embodied FEDERALISM (division of powers btwn state & federal govts) so there was specific POWERS for both the federal and state govts.

What were some of the constitutional COMPROMISES?

The GREAT COMPROMISE (or connecticut compromise): combined VA plan (LARGE states-- House of Reps, proportional representation, CENSUS taken every 10 years to determine population) & NJ plan (SMALL states-- Senate, equal representation).

The 3/5 COMPROMISE : For the purpose of representation, each slave would be count as 3/5 of a person in the SOUTH.

BOTH COMPROMISES SETTLED THE ISSUE OF REPRESENTATION!

What were the debates over RATIFYING the Constitution?

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

• FEDERALIST PAPERS (Hamilton, Madison, Jay) were written to advocate for the RATIFICATION of the Constitution.

• Finally ratified because the Federalists promised to add a BILL OF RIGHTS (protected individual rights & restricted powers of the federal govt)

What were some of the institutions and precedents (examples) established/set by Washington & Adams?

• 2 term tradition by Washington.

• Creation of the CABINET.

• Creation of the Bank of the US (BUS) by Hamilton

What were the political PARTIES that emerged as a result of the varied positions on certain issues (states rights, economic, foreign, etc.)?

FEDERALISTS (Hamilton): Stronger federal govt, Hamilton's financial plan (BUS-- was NOT mentioned in Constitution but Hamilton argued the Necessary and Proper/elastic clause), favored BRITAIN (bc of trade and $) in foreign affairs.

Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson&Madison): Smaller govt, Virginia+Kentucky Resolutions (written in response to Alien & Sedition acts; belief states could NULLIFY federal law), favored FRANCE bc they saw the French Revolution as an extension of the American Revolution.

What were the impacts of the expansion of SLAVERY in the deep South & adjacent western lands?

• Antislavery sentiment began to grow in the NORTH

-Emergence of SECTIONAL attitudes towards slavery began around 1800

• South's transition from "A Necessary Evil" to "A Positive Good"

What were the relations w/ NATIVES post-Revolutionary War (1780s to war of 1812) like?

• Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794, Ohio): Native Americans led by Little Turtle were DEFEATED by Americans (630 Americans were killed)

• Natives signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1794, CEDING a significant amount of land but were allowed to retain SOME land (which was later encroached upon)

• The relationship btwn Britain and Natives contributed to TENSIONS with the US (helps lead to War of 1812).

What were the newly emerging FRONTIER cultures like?

Caused by an increasing number of migrants from North America & other parts of the world moving WESTWARD.

• Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys): Tended to settle on the FRONTIER (the edge of settlement), & settled on land w/o regard for OWNERSHIP (govt, natives, etc.). Displaced and suppressed Native Americans.

• Shays' Rebellion, which illustrated tensions btwn POOR (backcountry) and WEALTHY (interior)

Northwest Land Ordinance (1787)

• Created a PROCESS to admit new states (once a population of 60,000 was reached)

• Guaranteed freedom of religion & trial by jury (before Bill of Rights)

• Portion of land sales went to fund EDUCATION (16th square mile)

• Slavery ABOLISHED in the territory.

• Protection of private property

How did the ambiguous (unclear) relationship btwn federal govt & Native Americans cause issues?

• In the Constitution, there was NO mention of treatment/relation with natives & they didn't have REPRESENTATION in govt.

• Leads to issues over LAND (Treaty of Greenville)

Spanish expanding settlements into California (1760s)

• MISSIONS, or forts were created: Trade expanded

• Many Natives died from disease, others forced to convert to Christianity

What were some of the diplomatic initiatives that the US forged in response to the continued presence of European powers in North America?

Jay's Treaty (1795): Treaty with BRITAIN, the US received compensation from damaged ships (upsets the South), Britain promised to leave posts (forts on American Soil), one cause of the development of POLITICAL PARTIES

Pinckney's Treaty (1795): Treaty w/ Spain, US granted navigation rights on Miss. River

George Washington's Farewell Address

He encouraged national unity and WARNED against: Political parties & permanent foreign alliances.

**Connect this to the failed Treaty of Versailles and the US joining NATO after WWII