KINE-2031: FINAL EXAM: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM - FUNCTIONS, LOCATIONS & LAYERS SURROUNDING THE HEART (LECTURE #1/5)

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

Transport, Fluid Balance, Waste Removal, and Body Temperature Maintenance

What does the Cardiovascular System Transport? (The Heart and Blood Vessels)

Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hormones, or Ingested Drugs (if they get into your system)

How are the Arteries & Veins involved in Exercise? Also, provide an example of how they are utilized in running.

The Blood Vessels (Arteries and Veins) will constrict and dilate blood to ensure it gets to the places they are needed.

In running, the arteries in the digestive system constrict the blood, so that they can get dilated into the lower limbs because the legs are the primary muscles being used.

What do the Muscles in the Arteries do during exercise?

It allows for the Arteries to Constrict and Dilate Blood. For example, if we have an arteriole in our leg and a lot of blood is required, it will dilate the blood and the muscle will pull back to widen the Artery and Lumen so more blood can enter the muscle.

How does the Cardiovascular System remove waste products?

It helps in removing waste from metabolic products in cells, like carbon dioxide.

It releases the products by sending them up to the Heart and Lungs, but they can also be sent to the Kidneys for Waste Removal.

How does the Cardiovascular System help with Body Temperature Maintenance? Give an example with Hot and Cold Body Temps.

Hot Temperature: The Arterioles that are closer to the surface of the body (i.e., the skin) will dilate blood to that area, since our blood is warm and carries our body heat, which causes that heat to dissipate since through the skin, then into the Sweat Glands to eventually be released out of the Body.

Cold Temperature: Our blood will constrict by bringing the blood closer toward the Core of the Body (i.e., Organs), to maintain a warmer body tempeature.

How does the Cardiovascular System impact our Fluid Balance?

Our Blood is capable of taking on more water, if they are not needed. However, if the cells are dehydrated, the blood will then give the cells more water to ensure there is a balanced amount of fluid in the blood.

What can happen if your Body is dehydrated?

If our Body is dehydrated, it can cause for our blood pressure to drop, since our body does not have enough water.

Since our Venous Blood is considered as Poorly Oxygenated Blood, what does this mean?

It means that there is less oxygen in the Venous Blood when comparing it to the Arteriole System.

How do the Arterial and Venous Systems work together in the Human Body?

1. The Arterial System brings highly oxygenated blood from the heart.
2. The Blood from the heart leaves and travels to be spread out into our cells and tissues.
3. The Cells start metabolizing the all of the Oxygen & Nutrients, and release CO2 into the Venous System (Poorly Oxygenated Blood)
4. The Venous System now has all of the waste products and CO2.
4a. The Poorly Oxygenated now has all of the waste products from the heart, which can then be sent into the Kidney which releases them as Urine.
4. The CO2 in the Venous System gets sent back up into the heart, then sends it to the lungs to be breathed out.

Where is the Mediastinum Located?

It is located in the area of the Thorax, which is in between the Left and Right Lungs, which is also the location of the Heart.

What are the Anterior and Posterior layers of Protection for the Heart?

The Sternum and the Vertebral Column

What is Pericardium?

It is a double-layered membrane that protects and covers the heart.

What are the Three Layers of the Heart and the space in between?

1. Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium
Space: Pericardial Cavity
2. Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
3. Fibrous Pericardium

What is the Fibrous Pericardium?

It is the outermost (superficial) layer, and the thickest layer of the heart

What is the correct order from Superficial to Deep Layers of the Heart?

1. Fibrous Pericardium
2. Parietal Layer of Serous Pericardium
3. Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium

Describe what the Pericardial Cavity is and what it does.

It is a Cavity that is located in between the two Serous Layers of the heart, and it allows for space of the heart to expand into.

What cardiac muscle is found deep to the Pericardium Region?

The Myocardium - It is the cardiac muscle in the heart.

What epithelial cell layer that is found deep to the Myocardium?

The Endocardium - It lines all of the inner cavities and all four chambers of the heart