CNA Vocab (Chapter 2)

Communication

process of exchanging information with others

Verbal Communication

spoken or written words

Nonverbal Communication

communicating without words (body language, etc)

Objective Information

what a person sees, hears, touches, smells

Subjective Information

cannot see or did not observe

Incontinence

inability to control bladder or bowels

Cliches

phrases used over and over again and do not mean anything

Defense Mechanisms

unconscious behaviors used to cope with stress or tension

denial

projection

displacement

rationalization

repression

regression

Culture

a system of beliefs and behaviors practiced by a group of people

Impairment

loss of function or ability. can be partial or complete loss

Mental Health

normal functioning of emotional and intellectual abilities

Mental Health Disorder

affects the body’s ability to function in a family, home, or community

Combative

violent or hostile behavior

Body Mechanics

the way parts of the body work together when a person moves

Posture

the way a person holds and positions their body

alignment

base of support (feet are shoulder width apart)

center of gravity (keep low for stability)

Fracture

broken bone

Disorientation

confusion about person, place, time

Scalds

burns caused by hot liquids

it takes 5 seconds for a serious burn to occur when the liquid is 140 degrees Fahrenheit

pour liquids away from residents

Abrasion

injury that rubs off surface of skin

PASS

Pull pin

Aim at base of fire

Squeeze handle

Sweep back and forth

RACE

Remove anyone in danger

Alert by activating alarm system or call 911

Control the fire by closing doors and windows

Extinguish fire

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

federal government agency that makes the rules to protect workers from hazards on the job

Conscious

being mentally alert and having awareness of surroundings, sensations, and thoughts

First Aid

emergency care given immediately to an injured person by the first people to respond to an emergency

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

medical procedure used for when a person’s heart or lungs stop working

Obstructed Airway

when something is blocking the tube which air enters the lungs

Abdominal Thrusts

method of attempting to remove an object from the airway of someone who is choking

use a fist in one hand and place below the breast bone

grab fist with other hand and pull up and toward you quickly and forcefully

report

Shock

organs and tissues do not receive adequate blood supply

pale, blue, gray skin

discolored skin

starring

increased pulse

increased respiration rates

low blood pressure

extreme thirst

notify nurse immediately

control bleeding if blood

lie down on back or place on left side if bleeding or vomitting

elevate legs 8-12 inches unless injury

check pulse and cpr if needed

keep person calm and comfortable

maintain body temp

report

Myocardial Infarction (MI) / Heart Attack

heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen due to blood vessels are blocked

sudden, severe pain, pressure, or squeezing in chest

pain or discomfort in other areas of body

indigestion / heartburn

nausea / vomiting

shortness of breath

dizziness

pale or cyanotic color of skin or mucous membranes

perspiration

cold and clammy skin

weak and irregular pulse

low blood pressure

anxiety / sense of doom

denial

notify nurse immediately

place the person in comfortable position

loosen clothing around neck

monitor breathing and pulse and use cpr if needed

stay until help arrives

report

Bleeding

severe bleeding can cause death and must be controlled

notify nurse

put on gloves

hold thick sterile pad, cloth, or towel against the wound

press down hard directly on the wound and add more pads if bleeding through

raise wound above the level of heart if possible if no injuries stomach and above

once controlled secure dressing and check for symptoms of shock

remove gloves and was hands

report

Burns

care depends on depth, size, location

do not use any ointment, salve, or grease on burn

minor burn:

use cool clean water and place a dampened clean cool cloth over burn

once pain has eased cover with dry clean dressing

remove gloves and wash

report

major burn:

remove person from source of burn and stop, drop, roll if needed

notify nurse

put on gloves

check for vitals and use cpr if needed

do not pull clothing away from skin and use sterile gauze on burns

remove gloves and wash

report

Syncope / Fainting

decreased blood flow to the brain which causes a loss of consciousness

dizziness

light-headedness

nausea

perspiration

pale skin

weak pulse

shallow respirations

blackness in visual field

notify nurse

person lie down or sit down before fainting occurs

in sitting position have the person bend forward and place head between knees

in lying down position have the person elevate legs about 12 inches if no injury abdomen and above

loosen tight clothing

stay in position for at least 5 minutes

help person up slowly and observe any symptoms of fainting

stay until they feel better

if they faint lower them to the floor or on a flat surface

have the person elevate legs about 12 inches if no injury abdomen and above

loosen tight clothing

check for breathing

report

Insulin Reaction / Hypoglycemia

too much insulin or too little food

must be given food that is rapidly absorbed

feeling weak or different

nervousness

dizziness

perspiration

hunger

headache

rapid pulse

low blood pressure

cold clammy skin

confusion

trembling

blurred vision

numbness of the lips and tongue

unconsciousness

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

too little insulin in the body

increased hunger

thirst

urination

abdominal pain

deep or labored breathing

breath smells sweet or fruity

headache

weakness

rapid, weak pulse

low blood pressure

dry skin

flushed cheeks

drowsiness

nausea

vomiting

shortness of breath

unconsciousness

Seizures

involuntary, often violent, contractions of muscles

note the time and put on gloves

remove eyewear

lower to floor

cradle and protect head

loosen clothing

turn to left side to reduce risk of choking

use call light to get nurse

move furniture away

note ending time

check breathing and pulse use cpr if needed

remove gloves and wash hands

report

Cerebrovascular Accident / Stroke (CVA) or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

CVA = blood supply to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures in the brain

TIA = warning sign of CVA. temporary lack of blood supply to the brain

difficulty speaking

weakness on one side of body (hemiparesis)

temporary loss of vision

numbness or tingling

facial numbness / drooping

paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia)

slurred speech or inability to speak (expressive aphasia)

inability to understand spoken words (receptive aphasia)

use of inappropriate words

severe headache

ringing in ear

redness in the ears

noisy breathing

elevated blood pressure

slow pulse rate

nausea

vomiting

loss of bowel and bladder control

seizures

dizziness

loss of consciousness

pain in face, arms, legs

hiccups

weakness

chest pain

shortness of breath

palpitations

Hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

Hemiparesis

numbness or weakness on one side

Expressive Aphasia

slurred speech or inability to speak

Receptive Aphasia

inability to understand spoken or written words

FAST

signs of a stroke

Face is drooping or numb

Arm is numb or weak

Speech slurred or not present

Time report beginning and end

Emesis / Vomiting

ejecting stomach contents through the mouth or nose

notify nurse

put on gloves

head is up or turned to one side (if unconscious the head should be turned to the left)

place emesis basin under the chin until vomiting has stopped

remove soiled linens or clothes and replace

measure and note amounts of vomit

flush vomit down the toilet unless it has blood, looks like we coffee grounds, or has medication

wash and dry basin

remove gloves

wash hands

put on clean gloves

wipe face and mouth of patient, position comfortably, oral care, water

put soiled linens in proper containers

remove gloves

wash hands

report

Infection Prevention

set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease

Microorganism /Microbe (MO)

living thing that is so small that it can only be seen under a microscope

Infections

occur when harmful microorganisms invade the body and multiply

Pathogens

harmful microorganisms

Localized Infection

limited to a specific location in the body

has local symptoms near site of infection

Systemic Infection

affects the entire body and travels through the bloodstream

fever

chills

mental confusion

lower blood pressure

Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI)

infection acquired in a healthcare setting during delivery of medical care

Chain of Infection

disease is transmitted from one human to another

1. causative agent

2. reservoir

3. portal of exit

4. mode of transmission

5. portal of entry

6. susceptive host

Causative Agent

pathogenic microorganism that causes disease

bacteria

viruses

fungi

parasites

Reservoir

where pathogens live and multiply

warm, dark, moist places are ideal environments

Portal of Exit

any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave

nose

mouth

eyes

cut in the skin

Mode of Transmission

how pathogens travel

contact

droplets

airborne

Direct Contact

touching an infected person or their secretions

Indirect Contact

touching an object that has been contaminated by an infected person

needle

dressing

tissue

Portal of Entry

any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter

nose

mouth

eyes

mucous membranes

cuts in skin

Susceptible Host

uninfected person who can get sick

Transmission

passage or transfer

Medical Asepsis

measures to reduce and prevent spread of pathogens

Surgical Asepsis

makes an object or area free of all microorganisms

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

federal government agency that issues guidelines to protect and improve health of individuals and communities

Standard Precautions

treating body fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes as if they were infected

wash hands

use gloves

remove gloves when done with procedure immediately wash all skin surfaces that have been contaminated

wear a disposable gown

wear a mask and protective goggles / face shield

use caution when handling sharps

never attempt to recap sharps

carefully bag all contaminated supplies

clearly label body fluids that are being saved for a specimen

dispose of contaminated wastes according to policy

Hand Hygiene

washing hands with soap and water or using an alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)

do not wearing jewelry and keep fingernails short

wet hands and wrists

apply soap to hands

keep hands lower than your elbows

lather all wrists to hands to fingernails using friction for 20 seconds

clean fingernails by rubbing them in the path of your hand

rinse wrists to fingertips

dry from fingertips to wrists

throw paper towel away

use a clean dry paper towel to turn off faucet and throw away

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

equipment that helps protect employees from serious injury or illness from contact with workplace hazards

gowns

masks

goggles

face shields

gloves

Don

putting on ppe

hand hygiene should be performed before this

wash hands

open gown, allow to unfold, face back opening and place arm through each

fasten neck tie

reach behind and pull gown to cover clothing and secure at the waist

Doff

remove ppe

hand hygiene should be performed after this

remove and discard gloves

unfasten gown at waist and neck

roll dirty side in while holding gown away from body

discard gown and wash hands

Perineal Care

care of genital and anal area

Nonintact Skin

skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, acne, pimples, lesions, surgical incisions, boils

Clean

not contaminated with pathogens

Dirty

contaminated with pathogens

Sterilization

cleaning measure that destroys all microorganisms

Disinfection

destroys most pathogens

Disposable

discarded after one use

Transmission-Based Precautions

precautions used for people who are infected or may be infected with certain diseases

airborne

droplet

contact

Bloodborne Pathogens

microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection and disease

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors like alcohol abuse, medications, trauma

B&C are bloodborne

B is spread through sexual contact, sharing infected needles, mother to baby during delivery. there is a vaccine

C is spread through blood and body fluids. there is no vaccine

Tuberculosis (TB)

caused by bacterium that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air. affects the lungs and highly contagious

coughing

trouble breathing

weight loss

fatigue

chest pain

coughing up blood

loss of appetite

fever

chills

night sweats

COVID-19 (Coronavirus)

droplet and airborne disease and spread easily in close contact with infected. enclosed spaces with poor ventilation and crowded spaces increases risk

fever

chills

cough

congestion

fatigue

shortness of breath

muscle aches

sore throat

loss of taste or smell

nausea

vomiting

diarrhea

headache

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA)

strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin. spreads through direct physical contact

drainage

fever

chills

redness

Vancomycin-Resistant Entertoccus (VRE)

strain of enterococci that is resistant to vancomycin. spreads through direct and indirect contact

fever

fatigue

chills

drainage

Clostridioides Difficile

spore forming bacterium which can be a part of normal intestinal flora. when altered the C. Difficile can cause an infection

overuse of antibiotics can cause this

must use hand washing

foul smelling diarrhea

fever

blood

mucus

nausea

lack of appetite

abdominal cramps

Employer

establish prevention procedures and exposure control plans

in service education on infection prevention and control

have written procedures in case of exposure

provide PPE

provide hepatitis b vaccination

Employee

follow standard precautions

facility policies and procedures

follow care plans and assignments

use PPE

take hepatitis b vaccine

immediately report exposure to infection, blood, body fluids

participate in annual education programs