FIRST QUARTER CCE EXAM REVIEW

Citizenship

Legal status and social relationship involving membership in a political community, with rights and responsibilities.

Pakikipagkapwa

Shared identity with others; treating others as one’s fellow human beings.

Bayanihan

Community cooperation and collective action.

Maka-Diyos

Showing faith in God through integrity, gratitude, compassion, and respect for creation.

Maka-Kalikasan

Caring for and protecting the environment.

Maka-Tao

Treating others with dignity, respect, kindness, fairness, and empathy.

Makabansa

Showing love for the country through obeying laws, respecting national symbols, preserving culture, and contributing to nation-building.

Jus sanguinis

Citizenship based on parentage or blood.

Jus soli

Citizenship based on place of birth

Political Citizenship

Right to participate in political power, such as voting.

Social Citizenship

Rights involving economic welfare and security, such as education and social services.

Natural-born Citizen

Filipino citizen from birth who does not need to perform an act to acquire or perfect citizenship.

Naturalized Citizen

Person who becomes a Filipino citizen through the legal process of naturalization.

Dual Citizenship

Having Philippine citizenship while also holding foreign citizenship.

RA 9225

Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003.

Derivative Citizenship

Citizenship extended to certain children of former natural-born Filipinos who retain or reacquire Philippine citizenship.

Active Citizen

Citizen who actively participates in community and civic affairs.

Passive Citizen

Citizen who does not actively participate in civic affairs.

Suffrage

Right of eligible citizens to vote

Suffragium

Latin word meaning support or casting a vote

Universal Suffrage

Voting rights extended to eligible adult citizens regardless of gender, race, or property status.

New Zealand

First country to give women the right to vote, in 1893.

Biak-na-Bato Constitution (1897)

Limited voting to members of the revolutionary movement and elite.

Malolos Constitution (1899)

Expanded suffrage but retained qualifications and restrictions.

1935 Constitution

Qualified Filipino men aged 21+ could vote if they met literacy and residency requirements.

1943 Constitution

Suffrage and political freedoms were heavily restricted under the Japanese-sponsored government.

1973 Constitution

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

1986 Freedom Constitution

Transitional constitution after the People Power Revolution that reaffirmed the right to vote.

1987 Constitution

Current Constitution; guarantees the right of suffrage under Article V.

Election

Citizens choose public officials.

Initiative

Citizens directly propose laws, ordinances, or constitutional amendments.

Referendum

Voters approve or reject a law already passed by the legislature.

Plebiscite

Voters approve or reject proposed constitutional amendments or changes in political or territorial boundaries.

Recall

Voters remove an elected local official before the end of their term.

Vote Buying

Giving money, gifts, or favors in exchange for votes.

Clientelism

Exchanging private goods or services for political support.

Patronage

Using public resources, positions, or benefits to reward political supporters.

Political Dynasty

Family members holding political offices simultaneously or successively.

Nepotism

Favoring relatives for government positions or opportunities regardless of merit.

Political Turncoatism

Switching political parties for political advantage.

Weak Party Loyalty

Lack of strong commitment to a political party.

Plurality Voting System

Candidate with the highest number of votes wins.

COMELEC

Government agency responsible for administering and enforcing election laws.

Board of Election Inspectors (BEI)

Conducts voting, counts ballots, and prepares election returns.

Social Justice

Fairness in society that promotes equality, human dignity, equal opportunity, and social reform.

Equity

Giving people the specific support they need to achieve fair outcomes.

Access

Equal access to resources, services, opportunities, education, healthcare, etc.

Diversity

Recognizing and valuing different backgrounds, identities, experiences, and perspectives.

Participation

Ensuring everyone has an opportunity to participate in decisions affecting them.

Human Rights

Fundamental rights belonging to every human being.

Equality

Everyone gets the same resources or opportunities.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to every human being, such as life, liberty, and property.

Constitutional Rights

Rights guaranteed and protected by the Constitution.

Statutory Rights

Rights created and protected by laws.

Bill of Rights

Fundamental rights protected under Article III of the 1987 Constitution.

Due Process

Government must follow fair procedures and cannot arbitrarily deprive a person of life, liberty, or property.

Equal Protection

People in similar situations must receive equal protection under the law.

Miranda Rights

Right to remain silent, right to counsel, and related protections during custodial investigation.

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

Evidence obtained through an unlawful method is considered tainted and generally inadmissible.

Habeas Corpus

Legal protection against unlawful detention; courts determine whether detention is lawful.

Double Jeopardy

A person generally cannot be tried or punished twice for the same offense.

Ex Post Facto Law

Law that retroactively makes an act criminal or increases its punishment after the act was committed.

Bill of Attainder

Law that declares a person or group guilty and imposes punishment without a judicial trial.

Just Compensation

Fair payment when private property is taken by the government for public use.

Civil Society

Sphere of society outside the family, state, and market where citizens organize around shared interests and values.

Civil Society Organization (CSO)

Citizen-led, non-governmental, non-profit organization promoting community welfare and sectoral interests.

Community-Based Organization (CBO)

Local organization that addresses community needs.

NGO

Independent, non-profit organization addressing social, environmental, cultural, economic, or other issues.

Faith-Based Organization

Organization connected to religious beliefs that may provide social services or advocacy.

Labor Union

Organization representing workers’ rights and welfare.

Professional Association

Organization representing members of a profession.

Cooperative

Member-owned organization that pools resources for members’ economic welfare.

People’s Organization (PO

Grassroots organization representing a particular sector or community.

RA 8425

Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act of 1997; created the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC).

Article II, Section 23

Constitutional provision encouraging NGOs, community-based organizations, and sectoral organizations that promote national welfare.

Social Movement

Collective effort by people with shared goals who work together to create social change.

David F. Aberle

Scholar who classified social movements into four types.

Reformative Movement

Seeks limited but significant changes to specific parts of society.

Revolutionary Movement

Seeks radical and fundamental changes to society’s political, economic, or social structures

Redemptive Movement

Seeks radical changes in individuals’ beliefs, values, or behaviors.

Alternative Movement

Seeks limited changes in individual behavior.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Nonviolent leader of the American Civil Rights Movement and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize recipient.

Pura Villanueva Kalaw

Filipino advocate of women’s suffrage.

Andres Bonifacio

Revolutionary leader who fought for Philippine independence.

Corazon Aquino

Symbol associated with the peaceful 1986 People Power Revolution.

Efren Peñaflorida

Filipino known for bringing education to disadvantaged children through service initiatives.

Social Non-Movement

Similar everyday actions by ordinary individuals that collectively create social, cultural, or political change without formal organization.

Patricia Non

Young entrepreneur and community volunteer who started the Maginhawa Community Pantry.

Community Pantry

Example of a social non-movement that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

Example of a reformative movement.

1896 Philippine Revolution

Example of a revolutionary movement.

1986 EDSA People Power Revolution

Example of a revolutionary movement.

Healthy Lifestyle Campaigns

Example of an alternative movement

Veganism

Example of an alternative movement.

Waste Segregation

Example of an alternative movement.

Rule on Trial in Absentia

A trial may proceed in the absence of the accused if they have been arraigned, properly

notified, and their absence is unjustifiable.