3.2-3.11

French and Indian War/Seven Year’s War

• The final war between Great Britain and France over the Ohio River Valley for the lucrative fur trade

• French provoked war by building Fort 2 halt westward growth of British colonies

• Britain sent George Washington = military victory = surrendered to superior Frenchmen = war starts

Albany Plan of Union

• Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for colonial defense

• Each colony wanted 2 preserve individual taxation pwrs = the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

• JOIN OR DIE SNAKE IMAGE

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Ended F&I War

• Great Britain obtained French Canada & Spanish Florida

• Territory west of mississippi river (Louisiana) went to Spain

• British controlled NA & French pwr ended

• British were convinced that colonists were unable 2 defend their (Americans) new frontiers while colonists dev confidence they could provide for their own defense

End of Salutary Neglect

• The French and Indian war caused debt, British thought that they should no longer leave the colonies alone 2 take control of NA

• Tightened the mercantilist policies as exemplified by the Proc. Of 1763, the Currency Act, the Sugar Act, and more.

• Smugglers would be tried in vice-admiralty courts; guilty until proven innocent.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

• An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac.

  • They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Vallee

• The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed by British forces

Proclaimation Act of 1763

• Proclaimation by the British prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

• Help to prevent future hostilities between colonists & American Indians = colonists reached w/ anger bc they hoped 2 access

No Taxation Without Representation

• Colonists could not directly elect representatives to Parliament = no way to consent or oppose British actions

• Reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Virtual Representation

• British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

The Sugar Act (1764)

• Placed duties on sugar 2 regulate trade & raise revenue paid by merchants (not direct tax)

The Quartering Act (1765)

• Requires colonists to provide food & living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies

Stamp Act

• Required a stamp on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

• First direct tax paid by the ppl in the colonies

• Led to boycotts = Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

Boycott

• Colonies agreed to not purchase any British goods which hurt English merchants who begged Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act

• Led to the formation of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty

  • Secret society organized to intimidate tax agents

Townshend Acts

• The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767 that taxed imported goods

• Used to replace Stamp Act

• Repealed in 1770 bc damaged trade & small $$$

Boston Massacre

• The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans bc of colonists harrassing the guards

• Samuel Adams denounced the shooting as a “massacre” to inflame anti-British feeling

Tea Act/Boston Tea Party

• Americans refused 2 buy cheaper tea bc it would recognize Parliament’s rights to tax the colonies

• Led to the Boston Tea Party

  • Colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians dumpted East India Company tea into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

• In response to Boston Tea Party in 1774

  • Reduced power of assemblies in colonies

  • Provided for quartering of troops in private homes in all colonies

Social Contract

• Idea by John Locke & dev by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that was an agreement between ppl of a society to abide the laws & accept punishment (if you live in a society you agree to follow the rules)

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

• Argued in clear language that colonies should become independent states and break political ties w/ British monarchy

• Pamphlet encouraged the Colonists to fight the British, helped establish the Declaration of Independence

First Continental Congress

• The colonies came together to protest parliamentary infringement of their rights & restore the relationship w/ the crown that exited before the war

• Asked king to restore colonial rights

• Great britain dismissed the petition where colonial defiance = American Revolution

Second Continential Congress

• George Washington was appointed to lead the army & appointed on a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

• Sent an Olive Branch Petition to King George to pledge their loyalty & ask king to secure protection of colonial rights = led to Prohibitory Act declaring the colonies in rebellion

Declaration of Independence

• Congress began to favor independence than reconciliation

• The 3 Unalienable Rights that were listed in the Declaration that all humans receive from birth were life, liberty, & pursuit of happiness

French Alliance

• American victory persuaded France to join the war against Britain via naval & military forces in the Battle of Saratoga

• Forced the British to divert military resources away from America

• Helped Americans to ultimately win the war

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Republican Motherhood/Daughters of Liberty

• Daughters of Liberty: groups of women that boycotted British goods

• Republican Motherhood:

  • Role calling 4 educated women to teach their children the values of the new republic & their roles as citizens

  • Gave women a more active role in shaping the new nation’s political life

  • Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

• Law of Coverture: Married women lost control of their property when they married

"Remember the Ladies"

• In a letter written by Abigail Adams to John Adams in 1776, Abigail was asking Adams to make laws that would offer rights for women

• Women did not gain the vote until 1920

Articles of Confederation

• 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

• Intentionally weak to combat the colonists distrust & fear of a tyrannical British gov

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Most significant achievement of the Articles of Confederation

• Law that set rules for creating new states in the western territories to join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

• Granted limited self-gov & prohibited slavery in the region

Shay’s Rebellion

• Weakness of the Articles for its inability 2 suppress internal uprisings w/o a fed military

• 1787 rebellion where Daniel Shays led farmers in an uprising against high state taxes & prevent foreclosure of farms

• Cause of the Constitutional Convention

Constitutional Convention/Philadelphia Convention

• States sent delegates 2 philly 2 revise the Articles of Confederation

• Delegates soon agree to draft completely new Constitution with stronger federal government-

The Great Compromise

• Between the large and small states of the colonies

• Resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators.

Three-fifths Compromise

• Compromise between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention

• Three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives

Slave Trade Compromise

• Delegates decided that enslaved ppl could be imported for at least 20 yrs longer until 1808

• Created a majority free black community in northern cities; led to greater sectionalization of slavery

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Ratification of the constitution was split

• Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution & its strong fed gov, loose interpretation of constitution

  • Were northeastern business groups

  • Emphasized weakness of Articles

  • Key Federalist was Alexander Hamilton

• Anti-Federalists: Opponents who feared that the new gov was too strong

  • Small farmers & settlers on Western frontier

  • Backcountry: Colonial region along Appalachian Mountains that were anti-fed

  • Feared strong gov would destroy work of Revolution + no bill of rights to protect individual freedoms

  • Led by George Mason & Patrick Henry

Federalist Papers

• A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail

Bill of Rights (1791)

• 10 amendments to defend individual liberty by James Madison to prevent gov abuse like freedom of the press, religion, and rights of the accused.

• Added after the Constitution was ratified (1788-1791)

Federalism

• Constitution divided power between federal government and state governments

• Fed gov handled national defense & foreign affairs

• States were in charge of issues affecting only their state

Separation of Powers

• Division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

• Only white males who owned some property had right to vote (property req was very little = gave non-wealthy white ppl ability 2 vote)

Enumerated Powers

• Pwrs specifically given 2 Congress in the Constitution:

  • Collect taxes

  • Coin money

  • Regulate foreign & interstate commerce

  • Declare War

George Washington

• First U.S. president

• Appointed Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state & Alexander Hamilton as secretary of treasury

Hamilton’s Plan

• Hamilton presented 2 Congress a plan 4 US credibility

• 1. Pay of national debt & war debts 2 bolster nation’s credit (ties interests of wealthy ppl w/ national gov)

• 2. Protect the nation’s industries & impose high tariffs on imported goods

• 3. Create a national bank & paper currency for US

Proclaimation of Neutrality (1793)

• Issued a proclamation that barred American ships from supplying war materials in foreign affairs

• French Revolution complicated US-French alliance

• Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) supported revolutionary cause bc Britain seized US ships trading w/ France

• Hamilton (Federalist) supported neutrality = sided w/ Hamilton = Jefferson left cabinet

Jay Treaty (1794)

• Between US & Great britain

• Agreed that GB leaves US western frontier but nothing about British impressment of Americans

• Angered American supporters of France but maintained Washington’s neutrality policy

Pinckney Treaty (1795) w/ Spain

• Between US & Spain

• Granted free navigation of the Mississippi

• Gave the right to use New Orleans port

The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

• Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on Whiskey imposed by Hamilton’s revenue plan

• Washington's ordered a militia led to crush rebellion

• First test of federal authority; Established federal government right to enforce laws

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

• Warfare between US & natives in Ohio River Valley that led 2 white victory

• Tribes agreed 2 surrender claims to the Ohio territority

Federalist Party and Democratic-Republican Party

• AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS BETWEEN FEDERALISTS VS ANTI-FED

• Federalisty Party

  • Led by John Adams + Hamilton & his financial program

  • Strongest in northern business owners + lrg landowners

  • Interpreted Constitution loosely, creating a strong central gov w/ pro-British policy

  • Wanted to develop a lrg army

  • Aided businesses, wanted national bank, & high tariffs

• Democratic-Republican Party

  • Led by Jefferson & James Madison

  • Strongest in southern states + w. frontier that were farmers & plantation owners

  • Interpreted constitution strictly, wanted a weak central government w/ pro-French policy

  • Wanted small army

  • Favored agriculture + Argued for states’ rights

John Adams

• Federalist that was 2nd pres of US

• Was VP of George Washington

XYZ Affair (1798)

• American diplomats were approached by French agents (x, y, and z) demanding bribes for negotiations for French seizing US ships

• Americans wanted 2 go to war w/ France = Adams avoided war

Alien & Sedition Acts

• Legislation enacted by the federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power over Democratic-Republicans (domestic unrest bc of fear of foreign influence in xyz affair)

• Criminalizing criticism of the government.

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

• Democratic-Republicans argued that the Alien & Sedition Acts violated the 1st amendment of freedom of speech

• Passed resolutions giving States power to nullify federal laws