Chapter 17

A full-term pregnancy lasts

About 39 to 40 weeks from conception to birth.

A full-term pregnancy has

Three trimesters.

Each trimester lasts

About 13 weeks.

The pre-embryo period lasts

About two weeks.

The placenta functions to

Exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste between mother and fetus.

The umbilical cord connects

The fetus to the placenta.

Maternal and fetal blood

Do not mix.

The placenta prevents

Red blood cells, bacteria, and large proteins from crossing to the fetus.

Substances that can cross the placenta include

Alcohol and drugs.

The placenta releases

Hormones that support pregnancy and trigger labor.

An embryo becomes a fetus

Eight weeks after conception.

A mother's diet and lifestyle

Play a critical role in fetal development.

Teratogens are

Harmful substances that can damage a developing fetus.

Poor maternal nutrition can increase the risk of

Chronic diseases later in life.

Fetal programming

The idea that prenatal nutrition affects health later in life.

A father's health habits affect

Sperm quality and function.

Nutrients associated with healthy sperm include

Folate, zinc, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids.

Healthy sperm production is supported by

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.

A healthy prepregnancy weight improves

Pregnancy outcomes and conception.

Overweight pregnant women have increased risk of

Infertility, hypertension, gestational diabetes, and cesarean delivery.

Babies born to obese mothers are at greater risk for

Breathing problems, heart defects, and obesity.

Women should never do during pregnancy

Try to lose weight.

Underweight women are at greater risk for

Premature birth and low birth weight infants.

Low birth weight infants are at higher risk for

Developmental disabilities and lung disease.

Folic acid is important for

Cell development and birth defect prevention.

The critical period for folic acid is

The first three to four weeks after conception.

Women who may become pregnant should consume

400 micrograms of folic acid daily.

Pregnant women should avoid fish high in

Methylmercury.

Methylmercury can damage

The developing nervous system.

Recommended caffeine intake before pregnancy

Less than 200 mg per day.

Recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy

Less than 150 mg per day.

High caffeine intake before pregnancy may

Delay conception.

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of

Low birth weight, premature birth, and SIDS.

Nicotine and carbon monoxide reduce

Oxygen delivery to the fetus.

Even secondhand smoke can

Harm an unborn baby.

The Surgeon General recommends pregnant women

Abstain from alcohol completely.

Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Even low levels of alcohol exposure can cause

Learning and behavioral problems.

Marijuana use may reduce

Male and female fertility.

Illicit drug use during pregnancy increases the risk of

Miscarriage, birth defects, and low birth weight.

Pregnant women should avoid

Botanicals with medicinal effects.

Green tea may increase the risk of

Neural tube defects.

Medical conditions affecting pregnancy include

Diabetes, hypertension, and PKU.

During the first trimester the fetal heart

Begins to beat.

During the first trimester the fetal brain

Grows rapidly.

Morning sickness is

Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

Most morning sickness occurs during

The first 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Possible causes of morning sickness include

Low blood sugar and hormone changes.

Methods that may help morning sickness include

Small meals, salty foods, tart drinks, vitamin B6, and ginger.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is

Severe vomiting during pregnancy.

Hyperemesis gravidarum can cause

Dehydration and weight loss.

Pica is

The craving and consumption of nonfood substances.

Pica may be associated with

Iron deficiency.

Pregnant women need increased amounts of

Zinc, folate, iron, and calcium.

Good food sources of folate include

Leafy greens, citrus fruits, and whole grains.

Extra iron during pregnancy is needed for

Red blood cell production and fetal growth.

Increased iron intake increases the need for

Zinc and copper.

Calcium absorption during pregnancy

Increases naturally.

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy can lead to

Poor bone development in infants.

Vegetarian and vegan mothers should monitor intake of

Vitamin B12 and alpha-linolenic acid.

Choline is important for

Healthy cell growth during pregnancy.

Excess vitamin A can cause

Birth defects.

Excess vitamin D can cause

Toxicity.

Pregnant women are more vulnerable to

Foodborne illness.

Extra calories needed during the second trimester

340 kcals per day.

Extra calories needed during the third trimester

450 kcals per day.

Minimum carbohydrate intake during pregnancy

175 grams per day.

Recommended protein intake during pregnancy

71 grams per day.

Exercise during pregnancy can improve

Sleep and reduce stress.

Exercise during pregnancy can reduce the risk of

Hypertension and diabetes.

Pregnant women should avoid

Overheating and dehydration.

Gestational diabetes occurs in

2 to 10 percent of pregnancies.

Gestational diabetes is

High blood glucose during pregnancy.

Gestational diabetes increases the risk of

Large babies and delivery complications.

Women with gestational diabetes have increased risk of

Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Healthy eating and exercise can help prevent

Gestational diabetes.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension can damage

The kidneys and other organs.

Preeclampsia is

Hypertension with severe edema during pregnancy.

Eclampsia is

Untreated preeclampsia causing seizures.

The only cure for preeclampsia and eclampsia

Delivery of the baby.

Heartburn during pregnancy is caused by

Slower movement of food through the GI tract.

Constipation during pregnancy is worsened by

Iron supplements and reduced activity.

Constipation can be reduced with

Exercise, fiber, and fluids.

Teenage mothers are at increased risk for

Low birth weight infants and anemia.

Older mothers are at increased risk for

Infertility, diabetes, and Down syndrome.

WIC stands for

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.

WIC provides

Food assistance, health referrals, and nutrition education.

Lactation is

The production of milk after childbirth.

Prolactin stimulates

Milk production.

Oxytocin stimulates

Milk release during letdown.

Colostrum is

The first milk produced after birth.

Colostrum is rich in

Protein, vitamin A, minerals, and immune factors.

Mature breast milk contains more

Lactose, fat, and B vitamins.

Breast-fed infants need supplementation with

Vitamin D.

Breast-feeding reduces the risk of

Infections and childhood obesity.

DHA and AA support

Brain and vision development.

Breast-feeding helps mothers by

Reducing blood loss and promoting uterine recovery.

Breast-feeding may reduce the mother's risk of

Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and type 2 diabetes.

Breast milk is more economical because

It costs less than formula.

Breast-feeding promotes

Bonding between mother and infant.