health and illness exam 2

Philippians 4:13, in the King James Version (KJV), reads "I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me

What is the scope of sensory perception disorders?

They affect vision and hearing, impacting safety, communication, mobility, and quality of life across the lifespan.

what are sensory perception problems in infants/children?

prematurity, congenital cataracts/glaucoma, neonatal infections, frequent otitis media, craniofacial anomalies, passive smoke exposure.

what are sensory perception problems in adolescents and young adults?

: high screen time leading to myopia progression, loud music through headphones, occupational noise (factories, concerts).

what are sensory perception problems in middle-aged adults?

presbyopia (near vision changes), occupational noise exposure, diabetes-related eye disease, long-term steroid use.

what are sensory perception problems in older adults?

presbycusis (hearing loss), presbyopia, cataracts, open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration

What are modifiable risk factors for sensory disorders?

Smoking, UV exposure, poor nutrition, uncontrolled HTN/diabetes, loud noise exposure, ototoxic meds, poor hygiene.

What is presbyopia?

Age-related loss of lens elasticity causing difficulty with near vision.

What is presbycusis?

Age-related sensorineural hearing loss, typically high-frequency first.

What is the cornea's function?

Major site of refraction, bending light onto the retina.

What is the lens's function?

Fine-tunes focus (accommodation) for near and far vision.

What produces aqueous humor?

The ciliary body.

What is the function of aqueous humor?

Nourishes cornea/lens and maintains intraocular pressure (IOP).

What is the trabecular meshwork?

Spongy tissue at cornea-iris angle that drains aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal.

What is the vitreous body?

Gel filling of the posterior chamber, supports the retina and eye shape.

What is the macula/fovea responsible for?

Sharp central vision and color detection.

What is the optic nerve's function?

Transmits visual impulses from the retina to the brain.

Pathophysiology of open-angle glaucoma?

Trabecular meshwork clogged, angle open, gradual ↑IOP → optic nerve damage → peripheral field loss.

Pathophysiology of angle-closure glaucoma?

Iris blocks drainage angle, sudden ↑IOP, ischemic optic nerve damage; emergency.

Risk factors for glaucoma?

old age, family history, African/Hispanic descent, DM, steroid use, high IOP.

Symptoms of open-angle glaucoma?

Gradual peripheral vision loss, tunnel vision, cupping of optic disc.

Symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma?

Severe eye pain, halos, mid-dilated pupil, red eye, headache, nausea/vomiting.

First-line drugs for glaucoma?

Prostaglandin analogues (latanoprost, bimatoprost).

Beta-blocker eye drops example and caution?

Timolol; caution in asthma or heart block due to systemic absorption.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors example and side effects?

Acetazolamide; side effects: paresthesias, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance.

Rho kinase inhibitor example?

Ripasudil; increases trabecular outflow.

Why can steroids worsen glaucoma?

They reduce aqueous outflow, raising IOP.

What causes cataracts?

Lens protein aggregation from aging, UV exposure, diabetes, steroids, trauma.

Symptoms of cataracts?

Gradual painless blurry vision, glare/halos at night, reduced color perception.

Treatment of cataracts?

Surgical removal with intraocular lens (IOL) placement.

Pathophysiology of dry AMD? (age related MD)

when yellow waste (drusens) pile up and the “support cells” under the retina wear out, making central vision slowly fade

Pathophysiology of wet AMD?

VEGF causes abnormal blood vessels to grow under the macula; these vessels leak or bleed, resulting in rapid central vision loss.

Symptoms of AMD? (age related MD)

Central blurring, metamorphopsia(disorted vison), central scotoma(blind spot), peripheral vision loss.

Treatment for dry AMD?

Lifestyle, AREDS vitamins, smoking cessation.

Treatment for wet AMD?

Anti-VEGF injections (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept).

What are the ossicles and their function?

Malleus, incus, stapes; transmit and amplify vibrations from TM to inner ear.

What is the cochlea's function?

Converts sound vibrations into neural impulses.

What is the vestibule's function?

Detects linear movement and balance.

What are semicircular canals responsible for?

Detect head rotation and maintain equilibrium.

What is the auditory (Eustachian) tube?

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx; equalizes pressure, drains fluid.

Why do children get more ear infections?

Their Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal → poor drainage.

Pathophysiology of conductive hearing loss?

Problem in outer/middle ear blocking sound transmission (cerumen, otitis media, TM rupture, ossicle issues).

Pathophysiology of sensorineural hearing loss?

Inner ear or CN VIII damage (hair cell loss, nerve degeneration).

Symptoms of conductive hearing loss?

Muffled hearing, own voice louder, Weber lateralizes to affected ear, Rinne BC ≥ AC.

Symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss?

Difficulty hearing high frequencies, poor speech discrimination, Weber lateralizes to good ear, Rinne AC > BC.

Pathophysiology of Meniere's disease?

Endolymphatic hydrops → excess inner ear fluid → vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, fullness.

Symptoms of Meniere's disease?

Episodic vertigo (minutes-hours), unilateral fluctuating sensionueral hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness( fullness in the ear.)

Management of Meniere's disease?

Low-sodium diet, low caffiene, diuretics, vestibular suppressants (meclizine), intratympanic steroids or gentamicin, vestibular rehab.

What does tonometry measure?

Intraocular pressure (IOP).

What is an Amsler grid used for?

To monitor central vision changes in macular degeneration.

What do Weber and Rinne tests assess?

Type of hearing loss (conductive vs sensorineural).

What is tympanometry used for?

To assess middle ear pressure and TM mobility.

Nursing teaching for glaucoma drops?

Use punctual occlusion, wait between drops, report systemic symptoms (bradycardia, bronchospasm).

Nursing teaching for cataracts?

Post-op: avoid bending/lifting, use drops, watch for infection signs, fall prevention.

Nursing teaching for AMD?

Daily Amsler grid use, avoid smoking, eat leafy greens/omega-3s, attend injection appointments.

Nursing teaching for otitis media in children?

Finish antibiotics, avoid smoke exposure, upright feeding, immunizations.

Nursing teaching for presbycusis?

Encourage hearing protection, routine audiology, communication strategies, hearing aids.

Why is erythromycin eye ointment given to newborns?

To prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonococcal conjunctivitis).

Primary prevention for eye health?

UV protection, nutrition, smoking cessation, avoid steroid misuse.

Secondary prevention for vision?

Screening (visual acuity, IOP, Amsler grid, eye exams).

Tertiary care for vision problems?

Surgery (cataract, trabeculectomy, laser iridotomy), anti-VEGF injections, low-vision aids.

Primary prevention for ear health?

Hearing protection, immunizations, avoid ototoxic drugs.

Secondary prevention for hearing?

Screening (newborn hearing screen, audiometry).

Tertiary care for hearing?

Hearing aids, cochlear implants, vestibular rehab.

Define myopia.

Nearsightedness; image focuses in front of retina.

Define astigmatism.

Uneven corneal curvature causing blurred vision.

Define hyphema.

Blood in anterior chamber (often trauma-related).

Define cataracts.

Opacification of the lens causing blurry vision.

Define glaucoma.

Optic neuropathy, often from elevated IOP, causing vision loss.

Define macular degeneration.

Degeneration of macula (central retina) leading to central vision loss.

Define ototoxic.

drugs/substances that damage hearing (e.g., aminoglycosides).

Define cerumen.

Earwax, protective secretion of ear canal.

Define otitis media.

Inflammation/infection of the middle ear.

What defines hypothermia

Core temperature <95 degrees

What causes hypothermia

Cold exposure, cold water immersion, systemic illness, therapeutic cooling.

What are the signs of mild hypothermia

Shivering, ataxia(trouble walking), confusion, lethargy

Signs of moderate hypothermia

Rigidity(stiffness of the muscle), Bradycardia, bradypnea, paradoxical undressing, acidosis.

What are signs of serve hypothermia

Undetectable vitals, absent reflexes, dysrhythmias, fixed pupils (appears dead)

What is the golden rule in hypothermia care?

Ur not dead until ur warm and dead, rewarm core before extremities to prevent after drop

What are causes of hyperthermia

Heat exposure, exertion, genetic , hypothalamic (brain injury), stimulants.

What defines hypothermia?

Core temperature below 95

Frostbite

Freezing → ice crystals damage cells → necrosis.

What are signs of superficial frostbite?

Waxy pale skin, numbness, blistering after rewarming.

What are signs of deep frostbite?

White, hard skin, muscle/bone involvement, possible gangrene.

How is frostbite managed?

Warm water immersion (98.6–104°F), elevate, analgesia, tetanus prophylaxis, avoid rubbing.

Why are infants at risk for heat loss?

Thin skin, little fat, large surface area, superficial blood vessels.

What are consequences of cold stress in infants?

↑ O₂ demand, ↓ surfactant, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, jaundice.

What are infant management strategies for hypothermia?

Maintain neutral environment (incubator, warmer), skin-to-skin, swaddling, hats, monitor temp and glucose.

Early signs of hyperthermia

Sweating, tachycardia,tachypnea

Late signs of hyperthermia

Hot, dry skin, confusion, seizures, coma, no sweating.

Complications of hyperthermia

Heat exhaustion, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia, cardiovascular collapse.

What causes fever

Pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to raise the set point

What are the physiologic effects of fever

↑ WBCs, ↓ plasma iron, ↑ interferon, ↑ metabolic rate, HR, RR.

What are the complications of a prolonged fever

Myocardial hypoxia → chest pain, cerebral hypoxia→ confusion, dehydration.

Sustained fever

A fever that remains continuously above 38°C (100.4°F) with little or no fluctuation over 24 hours

Intermittent fever

A fever that spikes and returns to normal at least once within 24 hours.

Example: septicemia, malaria, or bacterial endocarditis.

Remitting fever

A fever that rises and falls throughout the day but never returns to normal baseline.

Relapsing fever

A fever that has periods of normal temperature for one or more days, followed by a return of fever for several days.

How does vasoconstriction affect body temperature?

Vasoconstriction conserves heat by narrowing blood vessels → less warm blood reaches the skin → less heat lost to the environment.

How does vasodilation affect body temperature?

Vasodilation cools the body by widening blood vessels → more warm blood at the skin surface → increased heat loss through radiation, convection, and evaporation.

How does sweating regulate temperature?

Sweat evaporates from the skin surface, carrying heat away → cools the body.