Vocab for APWH

1918 Influenza

global pandemic after WW1 that killed millions worldwide

Apartheid

racial segregation system in South Africa

Bollywood

Indian film industry based in Mumbai; known for musicals

Bolsheviks

radical Marxist group led by Lenin that seized power in the 1917 Russian Revolution and founded the Soviet Union

Coca-Cola

soft drink from the U.S. that became a symbol of globalization

Fidel Castro

communist leader of Cuba(1959-2008); led Cuban Revolution

Global Warming

rise in Earth’s temperature due to greenhouse gas emissions

Globalization

growing interconnection of the world through trade and culture

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong’s failed plan to industrialize China rapidly(1958-1962)

Greenpeace

environmental organization promoting ecological sustainability

Iron Curtain

imaginary line dividing communist East and capitalist West Europe

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance formed in 1949

Satellite States

Eastern Europe countries under Soviet control during the Cold War

Tiananmen Square

site of 1989 pro-democracy protests in Beijing; ended in government crackdown

Treaty of Versailles

peace treaty ending WW1; punished Germany harshly

Akbar

tolerant Mughal emperor who expanded and stabilized India

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire

Encomienda

Spanish labor system exploiting indigenous people in the Americas

Galleons

large Spanish ships used for trade and exploration

Martin Luther

started the Protestant Reformation by criticizing the Catholic Church

Janissaries

elite Ottoman soldiers, originally Christian boys taken through the de shrine

Mercantilism

economic theory focused on accumulating gold and controlling trade

Middle Passage

sea journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas

Pizarro

conquered the Inca Empire

Potosi

silver mine in Bolivia; major source of Spanish wealth

Potato

new world crop that increased population in Europe

Taj Mahal

mausoleum built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in India

Tokugawa

Shogunate that unified Japan and isolated it from foreign influence

Triangle Trade

trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who led large maritime expeditions during the Ming Dynasty

1st IR

Shift to machines, factories, and steam power(late 1700s-1800s)

2nd IR

19th century boom in steel, electricity, and chemicals

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign uprising in China(1899-1901)

Communism/Marxism

Economic system aiming for classless society; ideas by Karl Marx

Congress of Vienna

1815 meeting to restore order after Napoleon’s defeat

Crimean War

1850s war over control of the Black Sea; weakened the Ottoman Empire

Charles Darwin

English scientist who proposed evolution by natural selection

James Cook

British explorer who charted Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands

Karl Marx

Philosopher who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto

Napoleon

French military leader who became emperor and spread nationalism

Otto Von Bismarck

German chancellor who unified Germany in 1871

Romanov

Russian royal dynasty overthrown during the 1917 revolution

Simon Bolivar

Leader of the Latin America independence movements from Spain

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war in China(1850-1864) against the Qing Dynasty

Tanzimat

19th century reforms to modernize the Ottoman Empire

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution against the French rule