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Latent Period Before Contraction
The initial stage before muscle contraction where action potential triggers calcium release.
Ca²⁺
Calcium ion that binds to troponin during muscle contraction.
Cross-bridges
Formed when myosin binds to actin during the contraction phase.
Power stroke
The action where myosin heads flex to pull actin during contraction.
Muscle Relaxation Phase
Occurs when calcium levels fall and ATP is used to detach myosin from actin.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Active energy molecule used for muscle contractions.
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Storage molecule for excess ATP energy in resting muscle.
Aerobic Metabolism
Primary energy source of resting muscles requiring oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Process where pyruvate is reduced to lactate during muscle activity.
Muscle Fatigue
Condition resulting from depletion of metabolic reserves and buildup of lactic acid.
Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers that contract quickly and fatigue rapidly.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Muscle fibers that contract slowly and are resistant to fatigue.
Muscle Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle size and strength from heavy training.
Muscle Atrophy
Reduction in muscle size and strength due to lack of activity.
Origin of a Muscle
The attachment point of a muscle that remains fixed during contraction.
Insertion of a Muscle
The attachment point of a muscle that moves when it contracts.
Prime Mover (Agonist)
The main muscle responsible for a specific motion.
Synergist
A muscle that assists the prime mover in a specific action.
Fixator
A muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover.
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle.
Axial Muscles
Muscles that position the head and spinal column, making up 60% of skeletal muscles.
Appendicular Muscles
Muscles that support the limbs and girdles, making up 40% of skeletal muscles.
Effects of Aging on Muscles
Changes include smaller muscle fibers, reduced elasticity, and increased fibrosis.
Diaphysis
The shaft or central part of a long bone.
Epiphysis
The end part of a long bone.
Medullary Cavity
The cavity inside the diaphysis that contains bone marrow.
Periosteum
Outer membrane covering the bone.
Compact Bone
Dense, mineralized bone tissue forming the outer layer of bone.
Spongy Bone
Porous bone tissue found within the interior of bones.
Haversian System
The structural unit of compact bone, also called an osteon.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts
Cells that dissolve bone matrix and release minerals.
Osteoblasts
Cells that secrete bone matrix; they become osteocytes when encased by bone.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Hormone that increases calcium ion levels in the blood.
Calcitonin
Hormone that decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.
Ossification
The process by which other tissues are replaced by bone.
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone formation directly from a fibrous membrane, creating flat bones.
Endochondral Ossification
Bone formation by replacing hyaline cartilage.
Bone Remodeling
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.
Vitamin D3
Essential vitamin for calcium absorption and bone growth.
Joint Anatomy
Study of the structure and function of joints in the body.
Articular Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the ends of bones at joints.
Volkmann's Canals
Channels connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to Haversian canals.
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae in bone.
Lacunae
Cavities within bone that contain osteocytes.
Bone Cells
Cells responsible for bone formation and maintenance, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.
Lactic Acid
Byproduct produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles.
Glucose to ATP Conversion
The process in cellular respiration that converts glucose into ATP.
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
Enzyme that helps recharge ADP to ATP using Creatine Phosphate.
Muscle Injury Recovery
The ability of muscles to recover from injuries decreases with age.
Exercise Tolerance
The capacity to endure physical activity, which declines with age.
Nutritional Factors for Bone Growth
Includes calcium, phosphate, Vitamin D3, and hormones stimulating growth.
Metabolism Types
Aerobic and anaerobic processes that generate ATP in muscles.
Energy Efficiency in Eukaryotic Cells
Approximately 40% of energy in cellular respiration is converted to ATP.
Skeletal Muscle Size with Aging
Tends to decrease in diameter as part of the aging process.
Muscle Injury Types
Includes depletion of reserves, damage to muscle structure, and low pH.
Segmentation of Muscular System
Divided into axial and appendicular muscles.
Skeletal Muscle Function
Supports body structure and facilitates movement.
T-tubules Function
Channels that transmit action potential into muscle fibers.
Troponin Function
Regulates muscle contraction by binding calcium ions.
Muscle Fiber Components
Muscle fibers consist of actin, myosin, and other proteins.
Role of Mitochondria in Muscles
Generate ATP through aerobic metabolism.
Chemical Signaling in Muscle Contraction
Calcium ions facilitate the alteration of tropomyosin.
Blood Flow to Muscles
Increased during exercise to supply oxygen and nutrients.
Myofibrils
Contractile threads found in striated muscle cells.
Muscle Tone
Slight tension in muscles at rest, contributing to posture.
Effector Muscle Activity
Muscles that cause movement in response to signals.
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Striated muscle fibers under voluntary control.
Eccentric Contraction
Muscle lengthens under tension.
Concentric Contraction
Muscle shortens while contracting.
Static Contraction
Muscle length remains unchanged while tension is produced.
Muscle Spindle Function
Monitors muscle stretching and aids in reflex actions.
Golgi Tendon Organ Function
Detects tension in muscle tendons and prevents excessive force.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Microtrauma to muscle fibers that can lead to hypertrophy.
Hormonal Regulation of Muscles
Includes growth hormone and thyroid hormone effects on muscle metabolism.
Muscle Fiber Recruitment
Process of activating more muscle fibers for increased strength.
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
Nebulin Role in Muscle Fibers
Helps regulate the length of actin filaments.
Tropomyosin Role in Muscle Contraction
Covers binding sites on actin, preventing contraction unless displaced by calcium.
Hematopoiesis
The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
Yellow Bone Marrow Function
Stores fat and serves as a reserve for blood cells.
Bone Growth Factors
Nutrients and hormones essential for developing and maintaining strong bones.
Sympathetic Activation and Muscle Activity
Increases energy release and blood flow to muscles during stress.
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