HOSA: Nutrition Food-Related Illnesses, Intolerances, and Allergies (copy)

What are nutrients?

Chemical substances necessary for life.

Functions of Nutrients

Provide energy

Build and Repair body tissue

Regulate body processes (i.e circulation, respiration, digestion, and elimination)

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Fats (lipids)

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

True or false: No nutrient can work alone

True

Where are essential nutrients found?

Found only in foods

What is special about organic nutrients?

Must be broken down to be used by body (also contain carbon)

Inorganic Nutrients

Already in their smallest components

Which nutrients are organic?

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Vitamins

What nutrients are inorganic?

Water

Minerals

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

To provide energy

What is the function of fats?

To provide energy

What is the function of proteins?

To build and repair tissues and provide energy

What is the function of vitamins?

To regulate body processes

What is the function of minerals?

To regulate body processes

What is the function of Water?

To regulate body processes

Consider the following scenario:

A client is recovering from surgery at home. You ask what she has eaten during the last 24 hours. She answers:

Breakfast: two doughnuts, orange juice

Lunch: lettuce salad with oil and vinegar, soda

Snack: pretzels, soda

Dinner: spaghetti with tomato sauce, garlic bread, wine

What nutrients are missing in her diet? Why are these nutrients important for her?

Breakfast: Carbohydrates (sugar) and Vitamins

Lunch: Carbs (fiber and sugar) and fats

Dinner: Carbohydrates and alcohol

Nutrients she is getting:

Carbs

Fats

Vitamins

Minerals

MISSING:

Proteins and Water

SHE JUST HAD SURGERY!

Protein is needed to build and repair body tissues after surgery

Water is needed to prevent dehydration

What are characteristics of good nutritional status?

Alert expression

Shiny hair

Clear complexion

Good color

Bright, clear eyes

Pink, firm gums and well-developed teeth

Firm abdomen

Firm, well-developed muscles

Well-developed bone structure

Normal weight for height

Erect Posture

Emotional stability

Good stamina

Seldom ill

Healthy appetite

Healthy, normal sleep habits

Normal elimination

What are characteristics of poor nutritional status?

Apathy

Dull, lifeless hair

Greasy, blemished complexion

Poor color

Dull, red-rimmed eyes

Red, puffy, receding gums and missing or cavity-prone teeth

Swollen abdomen

Underdeveloped, flabby muscles

Bowed legs and "pigeon breast"

Overweight or underweight

Slumped posture

Easily irritated or depresses and poor attention span

Easily fatigued

Frequently ill

Excessive or poor appetite

Insomnia at night and fatigued during day

Constipation or diarrhea

What are two types of malnutrition?

Overnutrition- Excess energy or nutrient intake

Undernutrition- Deficient energy or nutrient intake

True or false- Undernutrition is a larger problem than overnutrition in the US.

False- Supersizing, fast-food industry contributes to OVERNUTRITION in the US.

What are the top 10 fattest cities in the US?

Miami, FL

Oklahoma City, OK

San Antonio, TX

Las Vegas, NV

New York, NY

Houston, TX

El Paso, TX

Jacksonville, FL

Charlotte, NC

Louisville-Jefferson, KY

What are the cumulative effects of excess nutrition?

Atherosclerosis

Obesity

Hypertension

diabetes

Gallbladder disease

Some cancers

What is atherosclerosis?

A disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls. The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

What is gallbladder disease?

See picture

What are the cumulative effects of deficient nutrition?

Iron deficiency

Beriberi

Scurvy

Obseomalacia

Osteoporosis

Rickets

Goiter

What is iron deficiency?

Low body stores of iron

What is beriberi?

Deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) resulting in muscle wasting and nerve damage

What is scurvy?

A disease caused by lack of vitamin C

What is osteomalacia?

A rare condition of the adult bone associated with vitamin D deficiency, resulting in decalcification and softening of bone.

What is osteoporosis?

A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency in children

What is a goiter?

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency

What is Primary nutrient deficiency?

Nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake

What is secondary nutrient deficiency?

Nutrient deficiency due to causes other than dietary intake.

These include disorders that affect gastrointestinal function, wasting disorders and conditions that increase metabolic demands such as infections, hyperthyroidism, other endocrine disorders, burns, trauma, surgery, and other critical illnesses and conditions.

What is night blindness?

vitamin A deficiency disorder that results in loss of ability to see under low-light conditions

What is Kwashiorkor?

PROTEIN deficiency resulting from: MEAL //M - malnutrition; E - edema; A - anemia; L - liver (fatty change due to decrease apolipoprotein synthesis)

What is marasmus?

Starvation, skinny, calorie deficiency (All nutrients lacking)

What is Pellagra?

condition that occurs due to dietary deficiency of niacin

- common if eating corn-based diet

- also seen in alcoholics,

Sx: 3Ds

- diarrhea

- dermatitis (present in sun-exposed areas)

- dementia

- death if untreated

What is xerophthalmia?

Dry eyes caused by vitamin A deficiency.

What are the 4 types of nutritional assessments?

Anthropocentric measurements

Clinical examination

Biochemical tests

Dietary and social history

What are Anthropocentric measurements?

Measures of

Height

Weight

Head,chest, and abdominal circumference (for children)

Upper arm measurement

Skinfold measurement with caliper

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with pallor, blue half-circles beneath eyes?

Possible deficiencies include

Iron

Copper

Zinc

B12

B6

Biotin

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with edema?

Protein deficiency

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with Bumpy "gooseflesh"

Vitamin A deficiency

What is Riboflavin?

Vitamin B2

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with lesions at corner of mouth

Riboflavin deficiency

What is Folic Acid?

Vitamin B9

What is glossitis?

Inflammation of the tongue

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with Glossitis?

Folic Acid deficiency

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with numerous black and blue spots and tiny, red pin-prick hemorrhages under skin?

Vitamin C deficiency

What is emaciation?

the state of being abnormally thin or weak

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with emaciation?

Possible deficiencies include

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Calories

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with poorly shaped bones or teeth, or delayed appearance of teeth in children

Vitamin C deficiency

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with slow clotting time of blood?

Vitamin K deficiency

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with unusual nervousness, dermatitis, and diarrhea in same client

Niacin deficiency

What is Niacin?

Vitamin B3

What is tetany?

a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with tetany?

Possible deficiencies include

Calcium

Potassium

Sodium

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with Goiter?

Iodine deficiency

What is eczema?

An inflammatory skin disorder usually involving only the epidermal layer of the skin

Clinical Signs: What deficiencies are associated with eczema?

Fat (lipid) deficiency

Biochemical tests: What does the serum albumin level measure?

Measures main protein in blood

Determines protein status

Biochemical tests: What does the serum transferrin level measure?

Indicates iron-carrying protein in blood

High indicates iron stores low

Low indicates body lacks protein

What is (blood) urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Level of nitrogenous waste in blood

Biochemical tests: What does Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) measure?

May indicate renal failure, insufficient renal blood supply, or blockage of urinary tract

What is creatinine?

Product of muscle breakdown, measurement of kidney function

Biochemical tests: What does Serum creatinine measure?

Indicates amount of creatinine in blood

Used to evaluate renal function

Biochemical tests: What does creatinine exertion test indicate?

Indicates amount of creatinine excreted in urine during 24-hour period

Used in estimating body muscle mass

Muscle mass depleted, as in malnutrition

Level will be low

What are some general biochemical tests done on a patient to determine their nutritional status?

Other tests include

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Hematocrit (Hct)- the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

Red blood cells (RBCs)

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Lipid Profile- High and low density lipoprotien and Serum triglycerides

Urinalysis

Dietary and Social History: What is done to evaluate food habits?

24-hour recall

Types, amounts, and preparation of all foods eaten in last 24 hours

Food diary

Written record of all food and drink ingested in specified period

Computer diet analysis

Determines nutrient deficiencies or toxicities

Dietary and Social History: What is done to evaluate social history of client?

Consideration of financial resources to do the following:

Obtain needed food

Properly store and cook food

Food-drug interactions that can lead to malnutrition

What is a balanced diet?

A diet that includes all essential nutrients in appropriate amounts and preserves and promotes good health.

How do you know you eat a balanced diet?

Meal planning

Tables provide Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Simple system

Dietary Guidelines for Americans developed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding nutrients?

Consume nutrient-dense foods to receive adequate nutrients within caloric needs.

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding weight management?

Balance calories consumed with calories expended

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding physical activity?

To prevent chronic diseases, manage body weight, prevent weight gain, and sustain weight loss

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding food groups?

Consume variety of fruits and vegetables

Consume half of grains from whole grains

Consume fish, nuts, and vegetable oils as sources of fats

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding fats?

Have total fat intake between 20 and 35 percent calories

Limit saturated fat and trans-fatty acids

Consume less than 300 milligram (mg) cholesterol per day

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding carbohydrates?

Consume fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Limit foods with added sugars

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding sodium and potassium?

Consume less than 2,300 mg sodium per day

People with high blood pressure should have less than 1,500 mg per day (African Americans, middle-aged adults, and older adults)

Consume 4,700 mg per day of potassium

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding Alcoholic beverages?

Limit to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men

What are some key recommendations listed in the dietary guidelines for Americans regarding food safety?

Wash hands when handling foods

Wash, store, cook, and chill foods properly

Avoid foods more likely to be contaminated

What did the Nutrition Labeling & Education Act (1990) do?

Required mandatory labeling for nearly all processed foods started in May 1994

What is the primary objective of food labeling?

To ensure labels on most foods provide consistent nutrition information

What are health claims?

They identify a food-health relationship. Health Claims describe an association between a food or dietary compound and a disease (prevention) or health condition.

What does the Food and Drug Administration do?

Sets health claims allowed

Determines serving sizes

Standardizes descriptive terms

What nutrition facts are required on food labels?

Total calories

Calories from fat

Total fat

Saturated fat

Trans fat

Cholesterol

Sodium

Total Carbohydrates

Dietary fiber

Sugars

Protein

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Calcium

Iron

What factors affect food habits?

Nationality, culture and religion all affect food habits.

Economic and social status may also contribute to food habits.

How can a health care professional gain knowledge regarding a client's dietary preferences?

Talking with clients and learning about their background helps health care professionals gain knowledge regarding food preferences

Why is it important for a health care professional to understand food patterns unique to different cultures?

By understanding food patterns unique to a client's culture, a health care professional can plan nourishing meals consisting of foods that appeal to the client.

Adjustments in diet can be made gradually and effectively

How has the Native American diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Influenced half of edible plants commonly eaten in U.S. today

E.g., corn, potatoes, squash, cranberries, pumpkins, peppers, beans, wild rice, sunflower seeds, sweet potatoes, avocados, papayas, cocoa beans

Influenced wild fruits, game, and fish

Prepared as soups and stews or dried

How has the U.S Southern- African American diet influenced what Americans eat today?

African-American influence

Popular foods:

Down-home breads, biscuits, greens, black-eye peas, okra, etc.

Soul foods

High in fat, sodium, and carbohydrates

May be deficient in iron, calcium, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C

How has the U.S Southern- French American diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Cajun and Creole cuisine are fusion of French and Spanish cooking

Popular foods:

Wild game, seafood, vegetables, herbs, rice, tomatoes, sausage, hot peppers, and crawfish

French-American influence

Lacking in fruits

Creole cooking adds rich sauces and calories

May be deficient in calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin C

How has the Spanish- Mexican diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Combination of Spanish and Native Americans foods

Popular foods:

Beans, rice, tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, masa harina, corn tortilla stuffed with cheese, beef, and pork

Flan- Favorite dessert

Often lacking in vitamin C and green and yellow vegetables and fruits

Lactose intolerance common

How has the Spanish- Puerto Rican diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Influenced by Spanish, Africans, and Taino Indians

Popular foods:

Corn, wheat, seafood, beef, pork, rice, olive oil, chicken, pinto beans, and okra

Often use starchy vegetables and tropical fruits

Lacking in milk and non-starchy vegetables

How has the Mediterranean diet influenced what Americans eat today?

HEALTHIEST IN THE WORLD!

Italian influence

Popular foods:

Pastas, rice, beans, olives, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and cheese

Use olive oil

Eat small portions

Seldom eat beef

Eat main meal at lunch

Could benefit from increase in low-fat milk and meat

Greek influence

Popular foods:

Broccoli, cauliflower, wild greens, artichokes, fava beans, green beans, eggplants, legumes, olives, yogurt, and feta cheese

Includes fish, seafood, lamb, goat, and pork

Use bread as basis of meal

Use fruity olive oil as primary fat

Eat fruit for dessert

How has the Northern and Western European diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Have given U.S. "meat and potato" mentality

Lots of meat, poultry, or fish with small amounts of vegetable and starch

Essential to have sausages, blood sausage, head cheese, dark breads, and dairy

Could benefit from more fresh fruits and vegetables

How has the Central European diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Popular foods:

Pork, chicken, beef, sausages, fish and game, cabbage, carrots, turnips, potatoes, beans, lentils, and onions

Use eggs and dairy products abundantly

Consume spatzle, dark breads, and muesli

Could benefit from limiting number of eggs, using fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and adding fresh fruits and vegetables

How has the Middle Eastern diet influenced what Americans eat today?

Popular foods:

Lamb, pita and flatbread, sourdough, legumes, and dairy

Use dates, figs, pistachios, and fresh fruits for snacks and desserts

Adding fresh fruits and vegetables would increase vitamins, minerals, and fiber