Physiology II: Autonomic Nervous System

…: communication link by which the CNS controls muscles and glands, the effector oragsn that carry out intended effects or actions

efferent nerves

Two divisions of the efferent PNS: …

autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system

…: involuntary branch of the PNS, innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and gland organs

autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous system is strongly modulated by …

emotional/cognitive state

…: subject to voluntary control, innervates skeletal muscle

somatic nervous system

Some askes of the somatic nervous system are merkedly automated like … (3)

breathing, walking, reflexes

An autonomic nerve patheay consists of a teo neron chain: …

preganglionic, postganglionic

…: originates in the CNS and synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic fiber in a ganglion outside the CNS

preganglionic neuron

…: sends axons that end on the effector organ

postganglionic neuron

…: simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on a single cell

varicosities

The diffusion of varicosities of neurotransmitter and the the electrical sprad through smooth or cardiac muscle mass via … → autonomic activity typically affects whole organs rather than discrete cells

gap junctions

…: dominates in emergency or stresfull (fight-or flight) situations

sympathetic nervous system

the sympathetic system promotes response that prepare the body for …

strenuous physical activity

…: dominates in quiet, relaxed (rest and digest) situations

parasympathetic system

Parasympatheric system promotes … such as digestion

body-maintenance activities

parasympathetic system origin in: … (2)

brainstem, sacral spinal cord

preganglionic

Neuroransmiter: …

Receptor: …

acetylcholine, nicotine

Sympathetic system origin in: …

thoracolumbar spinal cord

Postganglionic parasympathetic

Neurotransmitter: …

Receptor: …

acetylcholine, muscarinic

Postganglionic sympathetic

Neurotransmitter: … (2)

Receptor: … (2)

norepinephrine, epinephrine, a-adrenergic, b-adrenergic

Pympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers originate in the … of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

lateral horn

The sympathetic preganglipnic nerve fobers synapse with post ganglionic cells in the … (2)

sympathetic ganglion chain, collateral ganglia

…: originate in the ganglion chain and end on the effector organs

long postganglionic sympathetic fibers

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse on postganglionic cells that founf in the …

terminal ganglia

…: lie in or near the effector organ

terminal ganglia

…: end on the cells of an organ itself

very short parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

All preganglionic fibers release …

acetylcholine

…: parasympathetic postganglionc fibers that release acetycholine

cholinergic fibers

…: sympathetic post ganglionic fibers that release epinenphrine and norepinephrine

adrenergic fibers

Noradrenergic fibers: … secreted by some sympathetic fibers → vasoconstriction

ATP

Most sympathetic … is induced by NE

vasoconstriction

Noncholinergic fibers: … secreted by parasympathetic fibers → vasodilation in genetials → erection

nitric oxide

…: extra signaling molecules released alongside the main neurotransmitters,

cotransmitters

…: a substance that doesn’t directly trigger an action potential by modified the strengh, duration and sensitivity

Neuromodulators

…: neuromodulator of norepinephrine

neuropeptides Y

ATP can act on …, often causing fast exciratory effect

purinergic receptors

…: acts on its own receptors, sometimes alongside NE in sympathetic nerves

Dopamine

…: Small chains of amino acids (like substance P, somatostatin) with diverse modulaory roles

various peptides

…: Body’s natural opiods modulae pain and sress response

endogenous opioids

Sites of release of acetylcholine: … (5)

all preganglionic ANS, all parasympathetic postganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic in sweat glands, terminals of efferetn neurons of skeletal muscle, central nervous system

Sites of norepinephrine: … (3)

most sympathetic postganglionic, adrenal medulla, central nervous system

…: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems innervaton of most viceral organs, usually the teo systems produce opposite effects in an organ

dually innervated

ongoing activity → …

sympathetic and parasympathetic tone

strtuers primarily innervated by smpathetic nerve fibers: … (3)

arterioles, veins, sweat glands

MThe postganglionic fibers innervating swet glands secrete … rather than …

acetylcholine, norepinephrine

… are stimulated by both divisiions but each stimulates a different secretion

salivary glands

…: modified sympathetic ganglion

adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla secreted the hormones epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%), into the … in response to stimulation by the sympathetic system

blood

cholinergic receptors: … (2)

nicotinic, muscarinic

adrenergic receptors: … (4)

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

…: bind to the neurotransmitters receptor and cause same response as the neurotransmitters receptor and causes same response as the neurotransmitter

agonist

…: binds with receptor → prevents/blocks neurotansmitter from binding and causing a response

antagonist

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on A1 receptors: … (4)

constricts innervated blood vessels, inhibits mucus secretion, constricts GI sphincters, dilates pupil

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on A2 receptors: … (3)

inhibits mucus secretion, decreases GI motility, inhibits GI secretions

Effecs of sympathetic stimulation on B1 receptors: … (2)

increase HR, strengthens HR

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on B2 receptors: … (7)

dilates bronchioles, decreases GI motility, relaxes bladder, adjusts eye for far vision, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, dilates blood vessels to sm heart lungs brain

Sympathetic stimulation of heart

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

increases HR and force (B1)

Sympathetic stimulation of most innervated blood vessels

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

constriction (A1)

Sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels of sm, heart, lungs, brain

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

dilates (B2)

Sympathetic stimulation of lungs

Effect: … (2)

Receptor type: … (2)

dilates airways (B2), inhibits mucus secretion (A)

Sympathetic stimulation of GI

Effect: … (3)

Receptor type: … (4)

Decreases motility (A2, B2), contracts sphincter (A1), inhibits secretions (A2)

Sympathetic stimulation of urinary bladder

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

relaxes (B2)

Sympathetic stimulation of eye

Effect: … (2)

Receptor type: … (2)

Dilates the pupil (A1), far vision (B2)

Sympathetic stimulation of liver

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

glycogenolysis (B2)

Sympathetic stimulation of Adipose cells

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

lipolysis (B2)

Parasympathetic innervation of the hart decreases heart rate and decreases force of contaction of the …

atria

Parasympathetic innervation of blood vessles causes … of vessels of the penis and clitoris

dilation

Sympathetic stimulation of exocrine pancreas

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

inhibits secretion (A2)

Sympathetic stimulation of sweat glands

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

stimulates secretion (A!; cholergenic)

Sympathetic stimulation of salivary glands

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

Stimulates secretion of small amount of mucus saliva (A1)

Sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medulla

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

Simulates E and NE secretion (cholergenic)

Sympathetic stimulation of Endocrine pancreas

Effect: … (2)

Receptor type: …

inhibits insulin secretion, stimulates glucagon secretion (A2)

Sympathetic stimulation of genitals

Effect: … (2)

Receptor type: …

Controls ejaculation (A1)

Sympathetic stimulation of brain activity

Effect: …

Receptor type: …

increases alertness (unknown)

parasympathetic stimulation of salivary glands

Effect: …

Stimulates secretion of large amount of watery saliva

parasympathetic stimulation of endocrine pancreas

Effect: …

stimulates insulin and glucagon release

Salbutamol is more selective … (bronchodilation in asthma) than … heart receptors

agonist for b2, b1

Metoprolol more selective … (hypertension) then … bronchioles

blocker for b1, b2

Acetylcholine mechanism of action …

opens nonspecific cantion receptor-channels

Muscarinic with receptor type: … (4)

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine glands, endocrine glands

Muscarinic mechanism of action: …

activates various G-protein-coupled receptor pathways

A1 with receptor type: …

most sympathetic target tissues

A1 mechanism of action: …

Activates IP3-Ca2+ second-messenger pathway

A2 with receptor type: …

Digestive organs

A2 mechanism of action: …

inhibits cAMP

… has equal affinity for NE and E

B1

B1 with receptor type: …

heart

B1 and B2 mechanism of action: …

Activates cAMP

… affintiy for epinephrine only

B2

B2 with receptor type: …

smooth muscles of vessels

Autonomic reflexes integrated at spinal cord level (subject to control by higher levels of consciousness): … (3)

urination, defecation, erection

… plays a role in integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses

hypothalamus

… is directly responsible for autonomic output (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive

medulla

ANS activity is tied to emotional expression by connection to …

prefrontal association areas