Pathophysiology of Respiratory and Neurological Disorders

These flashcards cover key concepts regarding chronic bronchitis, pulmonary conditions, neurological dysfunction, and the effects of intracranial pressure.

What is chronic bronchitis primarily characterized by?

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of secreting glands in the bronchi, usually associated with a productive cough and a significant amount of mucus produced.

What condition results from a buildup of fluid in the alveoli and lung interstitium?

Pulmonary edema, which reduces oxygen diffusion across the alveolar membrane.

What is a pulmonary embolus?

A blood clot or mass that obstructs the pulmonary artery or its branches, often originating as thrombi in the deep veins of the legs.

What is atelectasis?

Atelectasis is the nonaeration or collapse of a lung.

What causes pleural effusion?

Excess fluid buildup in the pleural cavity.

What does a pneumothorax refer to?

The presence of air in the pleural cavity.

What is Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

A serious condition usually occurring after significant injury or in critically ill individuals, with a typically poor prognosis.

What are some general effects of neurological dysfunction?

Neurological damage can lead to local effects related to the function of major brain areas, with manifestations depending on the location of the damage.

What are the two hemispheres of the brain and their functions?

The left hemisphere is involved in logic and analytical skills, while the right hemisphere is involved in creativity and spatial recognition.

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale used for?

To assess a person's level of consciousness based on eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.

What does increased intracranial pressure (ICP) indicate?

An increase in the volume of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue in the brain, which can have severe effects.

What is Cushing's triad?

A set of three signs indicative of increased ICP: hypertension with widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respiratory rate.

What causes seizures?

Excessive, spontaneous firing of neurons in the brain, often manifested by repeated involuntary movements or sensations.

What is the significance of the Cushing's reflex?

It is a physiological response to increased ICP that leads to systemic vasoconstriction and increased systemic blood pressure to improve cerebral perfusion.