Human Anatomy Lecture Exam 1

Body Cavities

Cavities that are filled with organs

What body cavities are part of the ventral body cavity?

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

Serous Membranes

Provide lubrication to organs

What are the components of the thoracic cavity?

Pericardial cavity, mediastinum, pleural cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

Pleural Cavity

Surrounds each lung

Mediastinum

Trachea, esophagus, major vessels

Pericardial Cavity (Cadiac)

Surrounds heart

What are the components of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal, pelvic, and peritoneal cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Digestive glands/organs

Pelvic Cavity

Bladder, reproductive organs, lower GI tract

Peritoneal Cavity

Mesenteries

Mesenteries

Double sheets of peritoneum that SUSPEND digestive organs, provide blood supply, support, and stability

Visceral

Organs; inner membrane

Parietal

Cavity; outer membrane

Types of Serous Membranes

Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

Sagittal Plane

Left/right

Transverse Plane

Superior (up)/inferior (down)

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

Ventral (anterior/front)/dorsal (posterior/back)

Two Parts of Metabolism

Anabolism and catabolism

Catabolism (catastrophe)

Metabolic processes that TEAR DOWN biomolecules

Anabolism (steroids)

BUILD UP molecules

Hypertrophy

Increases in size of cells

Hyperplasia

Increase in \# of cells

What two processes mean growth in cells?

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Differentiation

Cells become specialized

Passive Membrane Transport

High to low, no energy

Active Transport

ATP, low to high, "push uphill" (against gradient)

Which two membranous organelles have a double membrane?

Nucleus and mitochondrion

Transmission Electron Graph

View internal structures

Scanning Electron Micrograph

View fine surface detail

Mitochondria

Site of ATP synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Synthesizes, modifies, and packages

Rough ER

Ribosomes attached; Modifies and packages proteins

Smooth ER

No ribosomes; makes lipids, steroids, and carbs; storage of Ca2+

Golgi Apparatus

Synthesis/packaging of secretions

4 Types of Tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscular, neural

Epithelial Tissue

No intracellular space, covers exposed surfaces, physical protection, sensory, secretions

Connective Tissue

Most abundant, bind/hold together

Muscular Tissue

Produce movement, skeletal/cardiac/smooth muscle

Neural Tissue

Conducts electrical impulses, carries info

Simple Epithelium

Single layer, reduces friction, absorbs/secretes

Three Types of Simple Epithelium

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Stratified Epithelium

2 or more layers, physical barrier

Three Types of Stratified Epithelium

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Exocrine Glands

Ducts to an epithelial surface

Endocrine

Ducts to ECF -\> bloodstream or lymph

Eccrine

Exocytosis, continuous, fastest secretion

Exocytosis

Packaged into secretory vesicles then released onto surface of cell

Apocrine

Apical portion is shed, non-continuous, production in waves, top portion sheds to release product

Holocrine Secretion

Entire cell becomes packed then bursts -\> secretion is released -\> cell dies; typically oily, slowest production

Connective Tissue Proper

Matrix of loose/dense fibers

Fluid Connective Tissue

Watery matrix of dissolved proteins (blood/lymph)

Supporting Connective Tissue

Dense matrix of fibers; may have insoluble calcium salts

Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

Collagen, reticular, elastic

Collagen Fibers

High tensile strength; tendons/ligaments

Reticular Fibers

Structural mesh within organs

Elastic Fibers

Protein called elastin; "rubbery"

Ground Substance

Thick syrupy consistency; mix of proteins/carbs

Areolar Connective Tissue

"Stuffing"; cushions/supports

Adipose Connective Tissue

Padding, stores energy, white/brown fat

Reticular Connective Tissue

"Structural sponge", support

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Firm attachment

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Strength to resist force from multiple directions

Elastic Tissue

Stabilize positions of vertebrae/penis

What system does blood move through?

Cardiovascular

What system does lymph move through?

Lymphatic

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, gas transport

Leukocytes

White blood cells, immune function

Thrombocytes

Platelets, blood clotting

Plasma

Matrix

Cartilage

Supporting connective tissue

What is cartilage made of?

Chrondocytes

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides stiff yet flexible support

Elastic Cartilage

Most flexible, provides support, tolerates distortion

Fibrous Cartilage

Firmest, resist compression, prevent bone-to-bone contact

What are external bone surfaces covered with?

Periosteum

What are internal bones covered in?

Endosteum

Compact Bone

Blood vessels in matrix

Spongy Bone

Blood vessels not in matrix

What resides in lacunae?

Osteocytes

Mucous Membrane Functions

Produce mucin, keep surfaces moist, chemical protection

Serous Membrane Functions

Produce transudate to reduce friction

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function

Produce high amounts of keratin, reduce water loss, protect against physical damage/pathogens

Synovial Membrane Functions

Produce synovial fluid, reduce friction, no basal lamina/reticular lamina, gaps

Muscular Tissue Functions

Contracts to produce movement

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Moves/stabilizes position of skeleton

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Moves food, urine, reproductive tract

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Circulates blood, maintains BP

Nervous Tissue

Neurons and neuroglia

Neuroglia

Supporting cell of neural tissue, can divide

Neuron

Specialized to conduct electrical signal

Axon

Transmits a signal, action potential

Dendrites

Receive stimuli

Integumentary System

Most visible/largest organ system, has all tissue types

Epidermis consists of:

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

Keratinocytes

Most common, produce keratin

Melanocytes

Pigment, produce melanin

Merkel Cells

Sensory cells

Langerhans Cells

Wandering macrophages