Chapter 17 Study Guide BIO LISSE

Darwin basics

-19th Century (1800s)

-naturalist

-Theory of Evolution by natural selection

Darwin travels

-5 year voyage to collect samples around the world

-HMS Beagle

-spent most time Galápagos Islands

How long did Darwin take on his theory?

20 years after his 5 year voyage

Which species vary globally?

flightless birds such as rhea (S. American), ostriches (Africa), and emus (Australia)

Which species vary locally? Where?

finches in the Galápagos Islands have many subspecies also tortoises

What does each finch have different?

Beak shape, finch 1 has an angled smaller beak for berries and soft seeds, finch 2 has a narrow and longer beak for worms and insects and would live in the soil/ tree banks, finch 3 has a thicker, bulky beak for hard seeds/nuts.

What is an example of a species that evolved over time?

a 3m glyptodont (primitive ancestor of the armadillo) evolved into a .5m armadillo over time

Evolution (Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection)

a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time

Natural Selection + 3 forms

the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring (3 forms)

1) Struggle for existence

2) Heritable variation

3) Variable fitness

What were the three beginning slides’ points

-species vary globally

-species vary locally

-species evolve and change over time: ancient relatives of modern species

The struggle for existence

• “if more individuals are produced than can survive, members of a population must compete to obtain food, living space, and other limited necessities of life”

• quote by Malthus

variation

-individuals have natural variations

-the variations are heritable traits

-heritable variation

-examples are peppered moths dying out and black moths surviving due to the soot from the Industrial Revolution and pale ladybugs are more vulnerable but red are venomous so not

adaptation

-heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

-adaptations often involve many systems and even behavior

-heritable variation

-examples are stone fish adapting to look like stone to hide, ringed snakes can adapt to be larger or skinnier, cranes try to scare off foxes

survival of the fittest

-fitness how well an organism’s ability can survive and reproduce in its environment

-high fitness: an organism's success at surviving and reproducing relative to other individuals in the same population

-low fitness: a genotype's reduced ability to survive and reproduce compared to other genotypes in a population

Common Descent (descent with modification)

-descent with modification: living species are descended with modification, from common ancestors

-all species are descended from ancient common ancestors

-share homologous body structures e.g. bone

-for example a phylogenetic tree with humans whales and bats

Phylogenetic tree

a diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between different organisms, showing how they have descended from a common ancestor

Who are some scientist that contributed to Darwin’s theory and with what?

-Hutton - deep time (geological/ evolutionary time scale)

-Lyell- uniformitarianism (geological/ evolutionary time scale)

-Lamarck- inheritance of acquired characteristics

-Malthus- population size

-Wallace- independently developed natural selection

What does biological evolution refer to?

The change in a population’s inherited traits over generations

What does the term fitness mean in biology

Number of offspring produced

Which mechanism involves genes moving between populations?

gene flow

What can a mutation be?

harmful, beneficial, or neutral

What is genetic drift?

A change in genetic makeup due to a random event

Which of the following is an example of natural selection?

green grasshoppers surviving better in their natural environment

What do anatomical homologies refer to?

similarities in physical structures from a common ancestor

Vestigial structures

nonfunctional structures inherited from ancestors

What does fossil record provide for evidence of evolution?

information on how characteristics change over time

What does biogeography study?

the geographical distribution of organisms

Why did Darwin hesitate to publish his findings?

He feared it would not be accepted

What belief about creation was held by most western scientists until 19th century?

mankind was created in God’s image

What did Darwin observe about the tortoises on the Galápagos Islands

They had unique characteristics based on their environment

What concept did Darwin formulate about survival in nature?

Those who adapt best to their environment survive

What was a key factor in Darwin’s understanding of evolution?

Artificial selection by humans

what role do vaccines play concerning bacterial infections?

They can protect against serious bacterial infections

what causes strep

bacteria

what do antibodies target

prokaryote cells

What is the primary concern about anitbiotics

Antibiotic resistance

Which color of frogs has a better chance of survival in their habitat (from a video)

Darker green frogs

What type of trait do darker frogs have in natural selection (in video)

Advantageous

how do bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics

Through random mutations

Why should you only take antibiotics for bacterial infections?

To prevent the development of resistance

What is one method for combatting antibiotic resistance?

Developing new antibiotics