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Tigrus and Euphrates
two rivers that would overflow in Mesopotamia providing rich soil. fertile crescent.
Cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
Behistun Inscription
The famous Behistun inscription was engraved on a cliff about 100 meters off the ground. Darius tells us how the supreme god Ahuramazda choose him to dethrone an usurper named Gaumâta, how he set out to quell several revolts, and how he defeated his foreign enemies.
papyrus and hieroglyphics
hieroglyphics were the writing system in egypt. papyrus is a tall reed used for writing on.
Rosetta Stone
a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
Babylonians
A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi. Hammurabi created nearly 300 laws known as Hammurabi's Code of Laws, the old known legal system based on the concept of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth".
Ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
Epic of Gilgamesh
An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
Code of Hammurabi
the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety
Nile River
The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea
Pharaoh
A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.
Ma'at
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.
Nomarch
A governor that was head of each nome and was responsible to the king and vizier during the Old Kingdom.
Book of the Dead
scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt
Torah
The first five books of Jewish Scripture, which they believe are by Moses, are called this
Writings
The third part of the Hebrew Bible.
Yahweh
Hebrew name for God
Abraham
Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.
Prophet
A person who speaks or interprets for God to other people
David
Second king of Israel
Israel/Judah
Related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. Israel emerged as an important local power by the 9th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Judah emerged in the 8th century and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586 BCE.
Merneptah Stele
a victory stele (ca. 1220 BC) of Pharaoh Merneptah on which he boasts of having subdued Israel: "Israel is laid waste, his seed is not" (ANET-3: 378). The stele preserves the earliest extra-biblical reference to Israel.
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
Covenant
A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made.
Gentiles
Non-Jewish people
Homer
A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Iliad
a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy
Achillies
greatest greek warrior who fights for honor, kills Hector, and is killed by being shot in the heal
Agamemnon
(Greek mythology) the king who lead the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War
Heinrich Schliemann
Discovered Troy in Turkey. He ravaged the site so that he could prove it was Troy. He also found Mycenae in 1876.
Troy
A kingdom that was destroyed by the Greeks in the Trojan War. It is located on the western coast of Asia Minor
Mask of Agamemnon
The most famous funerary mask of the Mycenean period
Treasure of Priam
Knossos
an ancient Minoan city on the island of Crete
Mycenae
Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek's "Golden Age" of Athenian influence. It's center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.
Linear A / B
the modern name for the script, composed of signs and pictures, in which Mycenaean Greeks kept records on tablets of clay.
Arete
in early Greece, the qualities of excellence that a hero strives to win in a struggle or contest
Hubris
excessive pride
Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
Hoplite
A citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.
Phalanx
A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields
Sappho
(born ca. 612 B.C.E.) One of the great poets of the ancient Greeks; her poetry developed the complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love.
Persian Wars
A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.
council
a group of advisers
assembly
a group of citizens, in an ancient Greek democracy, with the power to pass laws
Ostracism
exclusion from a society or group
Herdotus
Greek historian- wrote Persian War
Thucydides
Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles
Sophists
Greek teachers of philosophy, reasoning, and public speaking
Philosophia Christi
The Philosophy of Christ
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.
Plato
(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.
Aristotle
A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato
Delian League
an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians
Parthenon
A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena
Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.
Alexander the Great
son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world
Philip of Macedon
father of Alexander the Great; had three goals: to raise the economic and cultural level of his people, to united the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, and to lead a combined Greek/ Macedonian army against the Persian Empire
Antigonids
a regional dynasty after the death of Alexander; ruled in Macedon and Greece.
Seleucids
The Greek rulers of the eastern part of Alexander's empire. Their territory included Palestine.
Ptolemies
Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)
Pergamum and Alexandria
epicurean
taking pleasure in food and drink
Koine
Common Greek language
Mystery Cults
religious/philosophical belief of the ancient Greeks and Oriental East emphasizing spiritual aspects of the afterlife and the hope of joining the cult god in a wonderful existence in eternity.
Septuagint
Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible
Judas Maccabeus
The Jewish General who led the revolt against Antiochus IV.
Polybius
Hellenistic Historian that wrote a through history of the Mediterranean region from 264-146BC.
Tarquin the Proud
7th Etruscan king, last king of Rome, a harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 B.C.
Etruscans
the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted
Aeneas
A mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War.
Romulus and Remus
Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus
Patricians and Plebeians
From the start the roman society was split into two classes. The patricians who were considered to be the upper class could serve as priests, senators and magistrate. The plebeians were the commoners- farmers, laborers and artisans. The wealth did not define the class, some plebeians were rich and more patricians could be poor.
Twelve Tables
Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C.
Tribunes
an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests.
Counsul
one of the 2 people elected by the Roman state who governed Rome and commandee it's army.
Senate
A council of representatives
patron
a person who provides financial support for the arts
Vestal Virgins
An ancient line of priestesses of the goddess of the hearth, Vesta. A vestal entered service at about 6 - 10 yrs. old and served for 30 years. After age 30, a vestal was free to marry -- though few did. They oversaw a number of rituals.
Lares and Penates
Roman household gods
Augurs
priests in ancient Rome who specialized in interpretation of the natural phenomena sent by the gods
Legion
A military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Optimates and Populares
two principal patrician political groups during the later Roman Republic from about 133 to 27 bc. The members of both groups belonged to the wealthier classes.
Gracchi
Two brothers, Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius, who tried to redistribute land to small farmers
Marius
A Roman general who was elected consul seven times- he is known for the big changes he made to the Roman army, making it easier for men to be Roman soldiers
suila
Pompey
Roman general and statesman who quarrelled with Caesar and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)
Crassus
richest man in rome, and was part of the first Triumverate
First Trimvirate
Made up of Marcus Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius, and Julius Ceasar
Julius Caesar
Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power
Second Triumvirate
Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Ciero
one of Rome's great speakers and senators
principate/princeps
Octavian/Augustus
Caesar's adopted son who defeated Mark Anthony for title of ruler of Rome after Caesar's death
Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis)
Virgil's Aeneid
One of rome's most famous works, an epic of gthe exploits of trojan warrior Aeneas whose descendants founded Rome.
Horace
Poet of the Augustan Age
Livy
Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)
Trajan's Column
a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.
