PSYC 4321 exam 4

George has been suffering from seizures due to epilepsy for many years. Unfortunately, he has no health insurance and can't get medication for it. However, he has a friend who can get him nonprescription drugs. which of the following would be best for George to help his seizures?

Marijuana

___ is low in psychoactive properties itself can help treat symptoms of Dravet Syndrome, and may protect against development of psychotic symptoms in people with psychosis that can cause or exacerbated by THC. Interestingly, it may also increase other psychoactive properties of THC by increasing cannabinoid receptors

Cannabidiol

Todd feels very relaxed, happy and social. he says he is "in tune" with the smells and vibrant colors in his garden as he noshes on a large bag of potato chips, he gets into a "deep" conversation with his neighbor and says he has a keen understanding of his neighbors life struggles. what drug has todd been using?

marijuana

Willow read about the Aztec God Xochipili (Aka prince of flowers) and decided she needed to try the hallucinatory drugs he was most closely associated with. she ate some to make a weak tea that she drank. she started feeling like she wasn't part of her body and then she began seeing visions dancing around her. What did she just use?

Caroline and Kevin pick up some Heroin from Kevin's dealer on the way to a party. they get to the party a little alter than plan because Caroline was busy preparing the heroine so people could take it anyway they want. larry who is hosting the party appreciates that caroline has been so nice to prepare heroine so people can use it in the manner they like it best, but he insists they need to get high ASAP how do the need to use it to get high as quickly as possible?

IV and smoking

Dr. Timothy Leary famed harvard psychologist started the Harvard psychedelic drug research program after traveling to Mexico and using _ with the indigenous people

Mushrooms

which of the following drugs causes withdrawal symptoms very similar to nicotine withdrawal such as irritability anxiety depression and decreased appetite while also showing milder opioid like withdrawal symptoms such as shaking difficulty with coordinating walking and tremor?

Marijuana

although PCP is an extremely dangerous drug it is a schedule 2 drug and can be prescribed in some situations. when is it usually prescribed?

for use as a veterinary tranquilizer

is the most abundant opioid found in opium it is often used in patient controlled analgesia.

Morphine

Ronald is smoking marijuana with his friends mary francis and steve. ronald has always smoked more than his friends, usually 2 or 3 more joints a day every day for the past 5 years. Mary francis and steve smoke marijuana on a much more casual basis perhaps one joint every week or two. Mary smokes the least of all of them only the equivalent of 1 joint over an evening with her friends. Francis and steve don't smoke as often as Ronald but they enjoy competing against one another to see who could smoke an entire joint in one long puff regarding the bio availability of THC for each of these friends which of the following statements is correct?

Ronald's bio availability of THC is probably higher than mary's because bio availability is higher for heavy users than for occasional users and since they're all together smoking now it is francis and steve who will probably have the high bio availability of THC among the four friends because they each smoke an entire joint in one puff.

People tend to build a rapid tolerance to LSD primarily because of down-regulation of which receptor?

5HT-2A

Strong drug seeking behavior and planning ways to get more PCP is medicated by _.

increased dopamine in the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortexes

PCP and ketamine mean work differently than the other hallucinogenics we studied what is the mechanisms of action for these two drugs?

NMDA receptor antagonism, dopamine reuptake inhibition, nicotine receptor antagonism

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the synthesis of heroin?

Opium morphine heroin

The manufacturers of delysid encouraged psychiatrists to use delysid themselves in order to better understand hallucinations in schizophrenia delysid was the trade name for which of the following drugs

LSD

Aldous huxley allen ginsberg and ken keasey all produced famous works of literature while using

peyote

Cannabis has extremely high protein binding. although most drugs with high protein binding can have significant drug-drug interactions because of competition for binding to blood proteins thereby knocking off other protein bound drugs and increasing their blood levels cannabis does not have significant drug-drug interaction as far as protein binding is concerned. why not?

While most drugs bind to albumin cannabis binds primarily to lipoproteins

First used by indigenous people of south america ayahuasca is a reddish brown hallucinogenic drink made from brewing certain plants what is the primary psychoactive drug in ayahuasca?

DMT

Saul has cancer and has been going through chemotherapy for the past two months the chemotherapy has caused severe nausea with vomiting which of the following drugs is/are DFA approved to treat his nausea and vomiting?

Dironabiol (Marinol) and Nabioone (Cesamet)

Is 50 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine medically it is typically used as a trans dermal patch which is often into smaller patches and sold on the streets as "chicklets"

fentanyl

Which of the following drugs was synthesized from ergot (toxins from fungus) when a chemist was searching for respiratory and circulatory stimulants?

LSD

As opposed to most hallucinogens, ___ primarily affects K opioid receptors and causes odd out od body experiences such as being in two different houses at once or being a chair

Salvinorin A

Which of the following has been shown to be helpful in reducing psychotic symptoms, decreasing seizures in epilepsy and relieving anxiety?

Cannabidol

Which of the following is a schedule 3 drug that is less potent than phencyclidine in and is used as an aesthetic especially in children?

Ketamine

Although not fully accepted by new row scientists as a true brain network deliberate delineating brain functioning during restful states connections between these brain areas has been shown to be active when resting they are also implicated in rumination or letting the mind wander and having internal monologues or insightful thinking when the mind is not actively engaged in other mental tasks certain drugs like those in ayahuasca and hallucinogenic mushrooms seemed to heighten in function in these areas. what are these areas in the brain?

Medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, angular gyrus

Marcus enrolled in a drug trial for the treatment of opioid addiction he will be randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the placebo group he is informed that he is in the treatment group he will be given a drug that is not yet FDA approved but may help treat his opioid addiction he is warned that this drug which is derived from naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloids can cause this association ataxia neurotoxicity and prolong lapsed between ventricle heart beats. Which of the following drugs is being given in the treatment group?

Ibogaine

Which of the following is the correct order from lowest to highest potential for physical dependency?

LSD- marijuana-alcohol- cocaine- heroin

Which of the following is considered an opioid but not an opiate?

Methadone

Bilinda started using Ivy heroin about three years ago. she decided to stop taking heroin and enrolled in a detox program to help her with her withdrawal symptoms and maintain heroin abstinence. she was given this drug which is also a partial opioid receptor agonist but has much milder withdrawal symptoms than heroin and reduced cravings

Buprenorphine

Which of the following is a prodrug?

Heroin

Louis is found stumbling around his neighborhood naked and sweating. he seems "out of it" as he punches a guy walking his dog. he then runs onto the railroad tracks in front of a train shouting that he is invincible. what drug did he most likely just take?

PCP

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding tolerance to opioids?

Cross-tolerance to other opioids occurs for all opioids & tolerance can build up to such high levels that doses for chronic users could usually kill a non addict

Synesthesia is a common effect of LSD. Which of the following would be an example of synesthesia?

Seeing colors when music is played

Which of the following is non-opioid pain reliever?

Celecoxib (celebrex)

Smoking marijuana can cause down-regulations and decreased sensitivity of receptors which is most pronounced in the hippocampus. what is the result of hippcampal deregulation?

Impaired long-term memory

PCP inhibits certain p450 enzymes, especially certain enzymes of the 2C. Marijuana is primarily metabolized by the 2C family of the p450 enzymes. If a person smoked marijuana with PCP, what is likely to happen to the marijuana's bioavailability (i.e amount of cannabinoids in the system)?

there will be more cannabinoids in the system because there would be decreased metabolism of the marijuana?

Johan is rushed to the hospital with what appears to be a drug overdose though no one is sure what he took. His girlfriend Greta has been trying to keep him awake on the drive to the hospital but she found it difficult keeping him awake enough to answer her frantic questioning. At one point during the drive over, she was certain he had died becuase she couldn't see him breathing. She actually pulled the car over to the side of the road and put a mirror under his nose. She detected a slight fogging of the mirror so she knew he was alive, but barely. At the hospital, the doctor notesd that Johan slurred his speech, couldn't stand on his own, was generally unresponsive, had very small pupils and his skin was taking on a bluish tone. Which of the following did Johan most likely overdose on?

Heroin

The primary active drug in hallucinogenic mushrooms is?

Psilocybin

Which of the following is the correct order from most to least (of THC in cannabis sativa)?

Flowering tops-bracts-leaves-stems-roots-seeds

All opiates/opioids are transformed chemically at some point in the body into…

Morphine

Marijuana can reduce pain. Cannabinoids appear to affect endogenous opioids, which causes pain reduction. which opioid receptor appears to be most involved in this pain reduction effect of marijuana?

Mu

Vince smashed his finger with a hammer while roofing his house. He screamed in pain and almost fell off the roof. which nerve fiber carried the information that he just smashed his finger?

Delta

Most of the hallucinogens seem to have cortical effects as opposed to limbic to cortical effects such as seen in hallucinations with schizophrenia which are mediated by the mesolimbic system. as a result, there seems to be different neurotransmitters systems involved in the hallucinations produced by the hallucinogens as compared to those in schizophrenia. What is the primary neurotransmitter system that is implicated with the hallucinogens such as psilocybin and mecsaline?

Serotonin

There has been a large increase in heroin deaths over the past 16-17 years. What has been the percentage increase in heroin deaths?

300%

Because it is illegal in the US and has high potency, heroin is the most dangerous opioid with the highest chances of causing addiction as compared to any of the other opioids. True of False?

False

What is the primary active drug in peyote?

Mescaline

Which of the following seems to have the lowest potential to cause physical dependency?

Dimethyltryptamine

Which of the following neurotransmitters often exert its effects through retrograde transmission and is so lipid soluble that it would seep through any vesicles trying to carry it which is why neurons make it as needed rather than storing it?

anandamide

Synthetic marijuana such as K2 and spice can cause similar effects to natural marijuana such as relaxation and elevated moods. However, synthetics marijuana was banned in the US. because it can also cause vomiting, seizures, paranoia and hallucinations. How does it cause these more severe side effects?

Although marijuana can cause similar side effects at very high doses synthetic marijuana is more likely to cause severe side effects because it binds more strongly for a longer period of time two receptors and is more potent so it is easier to overdose

Which opioid receptor is/are considered the most important for the opioids used in pain reduction and addiction?

Mu and Delta