Cell Specialization and Differentiation

These flashcards cover key concepts about cell specialization, differentiation, and the role of stem cells in biology.

What is cell specialization?

Cell specialization is the process by which cells undergo changes to perform specific functions in an organism.

What are the two types of signals that influence stem cell specialization?

Internal signals (transcription factors) and external signals (chemicals, physical contact, mechanical forces).

What role do transcription factors play in cell specialization?

Transcription factors regulate gene expression by switching genes on or off, influencing a cell's structure and function.

What are the primary germ layers formed during embryonic development?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Name a function of the ectoderm.

The ectoderm forms the skin and nervous system.

What is the function of xylem in plants?

Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and mineral ions.

What distinguishes induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult stem cells?

iPSCs can differentiate into any cell type in the body and are reprogrammed from the patient's own cells, avoiding immune rejection.

Why are induced pluripotent stem cells significant in medical research?

They offer the potential to repair or replace organs and tissues without the ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells.

What are tight junctions?

Tight junctions are connections between cells that prevent small molecules from passing through the intercellular space.

What do anchoring junctions do?

Anchoring junctions connect neighboring cells and provide mechanical support.

How do the cells of the early plant embryo differentiate?

They form a root-shoot system, with cells specializing based on their position, leading to different plant tissues.

What discovery in 1962 facilitated the development of iPSCs?

John Gurdon's cloning of frogs demonstrated that specialized cells could revert to a totipotent state.

What is the significance of the 2006 study by Yamanka and Takahashi?

It showed that adult stem cells could be reprogrammed back to a pluripotent state, leading to the development of iPSCs.

What potential treatments could stem cells be used for?

Stem cells may be used to treat type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases.

What are the two main classes of molecules involved in cell differentiation?

Transmembrane molecules and gene regulatory proteins.