research methods year 1

what is a hypotheses?

statement made at the beginning of an investigation - prediction

what is a directional hypotheses?

when someone makes a specific prediction about an effect or relationship between 2 variables

eg caffeine is linked than increase in activity - predicts a specific effect - one tailed

what is a non directional hypotheses?

doesn’t specify the type of change of the relationship

eg caffeine causes change in activity levels

what are confounding variables

They vary systematically with the IV  so you can't be sure of the true source of the change to the DV

eg. Imagine studying relationship between exercise and weight loss the confounding variable is the diet

What are demand characteristics?

The participants reactivity deferring due to them knowing the purpose of the investigation

What does it mean to operationalize?

 

measure something for example happiness by asking people to rate their mood from 1-10 which helps make the concept clear and measurable

What are extraneous variables?

Any variable other than the independent variable that affects the dependent variable if it isn't controlled this makes it harder to detect a result

for example lighting temperature room time of day it provides a false impression that the Iv has produced changes when it hasn't

what is the effect of randomization?

It reduces researchers unconscious bias when designing an investigation to controlling investigator effects

What are investigator affects?

Unwanted influence on investigator on the research outcome

what is standardisation? Participants subject to  same environment

 

Participants subject to  same environment

what are order effects?

The effects that participants experience when undergoing experiments for example fatigue

 

what are independent groups and the strengths and limitations?

Two separate groups of participants experience two different conditions of the same experiment

+ less likely to guess the aim and less demand characteristics as they are tested individually

-different participant each condition so there's risk of participant variables which reduces validity and results

 

what are repeated measures And the strengths and limitations?

All participants experienced both conditions of the experiment

+ participant variables controlled = The person in both conditions have the same characteristics

-His opponents can guess the aim and may change their behaviour which reduces the validity of the results

How do researchers deal with repeated measures?

Using counterbalancing which controls order effects 1/2 part take a then B vice versa so it becomes  ABBA this removes the problem and balances out affects