monkey final

socioecological model most important ecological factors determining groupings

spatial and temporal resource distribution (resource defensibility) and degree of predation pressure

Bateman’s principle

variation in reproductive success is greater in males than females, who have higher offspring investment. reflects anisogamy (eggs more costly gamete)

contest competition

hierarchy based

scramble competition

first come first served

when population density is low

between group competition is rare

when population density is high

between group competition more frequent

low within group competition means

females leave

high within group competition means

females stay

clumped resources correlate with more___ competition

contest

egalitarian

females compete indirectly for resources (scramble)

hierarchical/nepotistic

females compete directly for resources (contest)

higher female clumping means higher between male competition and

higher sexual dimorphism, less paternal care

IBD

identical by descent- genes shared from common ancestor

inclusive fitness

fitness benefits that include both direct fitness and indirect fitness derived from kin (all copies IBD)

kin recognition: phenotypic matching model

individuals have an internal template they use to compare others to as potential kin

kin recognition: rule of thumb model

if it does X, then it is kin

high rank means higher resource access and reproductive success, but

high rank may also be associated with higher stress,

matrilocal rank inheritance

rank is inherited in two phases:

1. dependent rank: maternal help when females first come of age

2. basic rank: females reach full size and defend own rank

in strepsirrhines and maybe tarsiers, sexual activity is

restricted to when conception is most likely

intersexual selection

males try to woo female

intersexual selection

males compete among themselves, winner gets female

Bateman’s drosophila experiment

male reproductive success increases with more mates while female success eventually plateaus with new mate additions

evolutionary models of mate choice

direct benefits, sensory exploitation, good genes, runaway selection

Charnov’s life history invariants model

primate life histories are impacted by single trade-off between delaying reproduction to increase body size (investment offset by higher fecundity) and the risk of mortality during the waiting period prior to reproduction

Janson and van Schaik risk aversion model

juvenility is high risk time (starvation, predation), so you can either

a. mature quickly to adulthood and negate risks

b. extend juvenility to reduce metabolic needs and avoid behavior risks

allometry- problem with Charnov’s life history model

accounting for body mass makes charnov’s model unhelpful

infancy

birth to weaning

juvenility

weaning to sexual maturity - individual prior to reproductive age that could survive death of primary caregiver

evolution of extended juvenility

ecological risk aversion (avoid predators, slow metabolism), need to learn

Charnov life history invariants model pt 2

single tradeoff between delaying reproduction to increase body size and risk of mortality during waiting period prior to reproduction

feeding competition favors a ___ growth rate

slower, because rapid growth raises metabolic risks

modularity

morphological structures/organ systems may vary in degree to which they’re interrelated during development

mechanical foraging hypothesis

more folivorous primates should show faster development, more dental precocity

M1 eruption can be used

as proxy for transition between infancy and juvenescence because it occurs around weaning

M3 eruption can be

proxy for reaching adulthood, correlated with age of first breeding

grugivorous great apes tend to grow ___ than folivorous apes

slower

adolescence/puberty

attainment of sexual maturity

grandmother hypothesis

extended female age with period of reproductive senescence may arise because grandmother care increases offspring fitness

paternal care

owl monkeys, titi monkeys, callitrichids

alloparental care

prolactin is elevated during exposure to infants

evolution of senescence: antagonistic pleiotropy

natural selection acts on traits before reproduction, which may come at cost later in life

evolution of senescence; disposable soma

bodies shift resources to reproduction, neglecting other systems which then fall into disrepair

primate cerebellum is relatively ___ in primates compared to other mammals

large

cerebrum is involved in

sense recognition, voluntary movement, memory, thought, etc.

undergone most change during primate evolution

why large brains if so expensive

dietary (fruits are patchy need more memory) hypothesis, mental maps (large home ranges to get enough food), extractive foraging

retina

film-like sheet of light-sensitive cells lining back of eye

rods

light sensitive retinal cells

cones

color sensitive retinal cells

fovea

light-sensitive cells packed close together to allow for food visual acuity

trichromacy is helpful for finding fruits in green forest while r/g colorblind is better for

distinguishing shades of brown

stimulus

arbitrary cue not normally found in environment

sensitization

over time, subject increases attention to stimulus

habituation

over time, subject decreases attention to stimulus

pavlovian (classical) conditioning

unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

second order conditioning

passing conditioned response to third stumulus by associating it with original conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

reward/punishment

ecological learning

different ecological conditions may favor evolution of different types of learning

group living

learn more quickly than territorial/solitary so faster food finding and more time for foraging

in a constant environment there is ___ to learn, in a hyper variable environment, there is ___ to learning

nothing, no benefit

stephens’ model

two things influence selection for learning:

• environmental variability within individual lifetime

• environmental variability between lifetime of parents/offspring

vertical cultural transmission

parent to offspring

horizontal cultural transmission

peer to peer

oblique cultural transmission

across generations but not parent to offspring

opportunity teaching: teachers actively place students in context of learning

coaching: teacher directly alters behavior of student by offering reward/punishment

communication

transfer of info from signaler to receiver

modalities of communication

visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile

is communication an attempt to relay honest info or used to manipulate others’ behavior?

signaling may be cooperative or be an arms race between interests of signalers and recipients

types of play

object, locomotor, social

hypotheses of locomotor play

exercise/training for specific later-life motor skills

provides juveniles with lay of the land, knowledge of where things are and how they relate

hypotheses of social play

formation of long-lasting social bonds

increased physical skills needed later in life (e.g. fighting)

aids in cognitive development

signs of play

play markers, role-reversal, self0handicapping, disarrangement and exaggeration

game theory model of aggression

instead of assessing cooperative potential, you’re assessing willingness to fight or flee,

contingent on resource value, opportunity cost, and potential injury/mortality

war of attrition model

individuals compete by seeing who will wait longer

winner effect

winning fight increases probability of future wins

loser effect

losing fight increases probability of future losses

bystander effect

animals eavesdrop on others’ fights to assess competition

audience effects

individuals in aggressive interaction change behavior if observed

how does cooperation evolve

byproduct mutualism, group selection, reciprocity, kin selection

functional vs tactical deception

unclear if there is intentional manipulation of behavior

false belief test

understanding what others don’t know, apes fail

most commonly assessed personality traits

boldness and shyness