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Synesthesia
Experiencing sensory information that is not physically associated with a stimulus and that is consistently and automatically evoked by this stimulus.
What is the most common type of synesthesia?
Color-grapheme synesthesia
T/F: The stimuli can consist of letters, numbers, musical notes, words, categories, objects
True
T/F: Synesthesia is typically unidirectional
True
What are the two different comparison for two types of synesthesia?
Projectors vs. Associators and Lower vs. Higher
Projectors vs. Associators
“Out in space” (seeing letter and seeing colors) vs. “Minds eye” (feels colors but doesn’t physically see them)
Most research is done on (projectors/associators)
Projectors
Lower vs. Higher
Lower Perceptual Stage (actually perceiving color) vs. Higher Perceptual Stage (recognition and memory based associations)
Incongruent Stimuli for Color-Grapheme Synesthetes
When the physical color of a grapheme doesn’t match with the perceived color of the grapheme.
Name Photism
Naming the perceived color of a stimuli
T/F: Saying the color that is associated with a stimuli (naming photism) is an automatic process.
True
What region of the brain is related to color processing?
V4 region of the visual cortex
T/F: Color-grapheme synesthetes had similar associations from letter to color as did a control group.
True
Automatic Processes
Fast, involuntary, uncontrollable, high practiced, unconscious
What type of sensory metaphor is most common in literature? How does this relate to automatic learned associations?
Hearing » touch metaphors. This is not a very common type of synesthesia, so it doesn’t support the theory that synesthesia is actually due to automatically learned associations.
Cross-Activation/Cross-Wiring Hypothesis (Ramachandran)
There are excess neural connections that resist neural pruning with age
Prenatal connections have been found between inferior temporal regions (word processing( and V4(color processing)
Color-grapheme synesthesia is common because visual word processing lies adjacent to the color processing area of the brain
Rather than synesthesia resulting from learned linguistic associations, it actually causes these linguistic associations.
Disinhibited Feedback Hypothesis
Results from feedback loops between high levels of visual processing and a brain region that combines multiple sources of sensory information, that now erroneously provides incorrect feedback to lower regions that were not activated by the relevant sensors and should have been inhibited from being activated.
Across-Modality Synesthesia
When synesthesia begins with one sense and relates to another: ex. noise » color (auditory » visual)
It was found that there’s increased connectivity between the inferior parietal cortex and the auditory cortex and between the inferior parietal cortex and the visual cortex for sound » color synesthetes. However, there’s no increased connectivity between primary auditory and visual sensory sites. Which hypothesis does this support?
Disinhibited Feedback Hypothesis
Which hypothesis is related to the idea that because two areas of the brain are close together, that can be a factor leading to synesthesia?
Cross-Wiring Hypothesis
Characteristics of Consciousness (4)
(i) Subjective (phenomenal) experience
(ii) Binding of multiple sources of information
(iii) Self-awareness
(iv) Volition (executive) intentions
T/F: Consciousness involves integrating information in the global workspace from several special-purpose processors (networks) working unconsciously and independently.
True
What four networks bring in information to the global neuronal workspace model?
Evaluative Systems (Values), Long-term Memory (Past), Attentional Systems (Focusing), Perceptual Systems (Present)
What comes out of the global neuronal workspace model?
Motor Systems (Future)
Conscious
High strength and high attention
Preconscious
High strength and no attention
Subliminal
Weak strength
Which explanation for synesthesia explains the altered consciousness resulting from synesthesia?
Disinhibited Feedback Explanation
Binocular Rivalry
Present two images, one to each eye, and flip images randomly
Global Workspace Model
Consciousness involves integrating information in the global workspace from several special purpose processors working unconsciously and independently
Subliminal
Just below conscious awareness, present stimulus and mask over top of it
Attention
Facilitates what’s in our focus and inhibits what’s in the background.
Photism
The perception of colors
T/F: All sensory inducers have been found to produce synesthesia
False; for example, temperature doesn’t induce synesthesia
Why are bistable figures used to study consciousness?
The viewer will automatically switch from one conscious percept to the other and back again. By signaling this transition to the researcher, this allows researchers to examine what happens in the brain during these different conscious representations.
Negative Priming
A phenomenon