Unit 2 Quiz Answers

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose by increasing glucose uptake in the muscle; increasing glucose uptake in the adipose tissue; increasing glycogenesis in the liver; increasing lipogenesis in the adipose tissue.

Alcohol in red wine

Will likely undergo glycolysis.

Type 1 diabetic liver metabolism

Resembles that of someone who is fasting.

Beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids

8 acetyl CoA are produced from a 16-carbon fatty acid; The process generates reducing equivalents; The process requires NAD+ and FAD.

Fatty acids synthesis

Can be synthesized from C-skeletons derived from amino acids; Acetyl CoA; Glucose.

Failure of liver

Leads to high blood ammonia.

Gluconeogenesis

Requires energy.

Glycolysis

A molecule of glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate.

Overexpression of UCP1

Will increase energy expenditure.

Glycogenesis

Is stimulated by insulin.

Nutrient breakdown in the mouth

Carbohydrates start their chemical breakdown.

Primary function of the epiglottis

To block the larynx and protect airways during swallowing.

Functions of the stomach

It churns, mixes, and grinds food to produce chyme; It secretes hydrochloric acid, which aids digestion and absorption; It releases chyme in small portions through the pyloric sphincter to the small intestine; It secretes protease (enzymes that breakdown proteins).

Functions of muscles in the digestive system

Segmentation; Sphincter contractions; Peristalsis.

Most digestion and absorption

Occurs in the small intestine.

Glucose uptake by enterocytes

Occurs through active transport, while fructose is taken up through facilitated transport.

Goblet cells

Secrete mucus.

Water-soluble nutrients absorption

After absorption, they are released into the blood, delivered to the liver through the portal vein.

Coordination of digestive system functions

Is managed by the nervous and hormonal systems.

Pancreatic amylase

Breaks down starch.

Isomaltase

Breaks down dextrins.

Lipase

Breaks down triglyceride (triacylglycerol).

Pepsin

Breaks down protein.

Satiation

The biological sensation that prompts stopping eating during a meal.

Nutrient class with largest energy difference

Lipids have the largest difference between gross and metabolizable energy.

Satiety hormone from adipose tissue

Leptin.

Component of energy expenditure

The thermic effect of food is modulated by macronutrient composition.

Orlistat mechanism of action

It decreases the difference between digestible energy and metabolizable energy of food consumed.

Tom's BMI

Is 36.

Tom's estimated energy requirement

For very active 29-year-old male is closest to 4880 kcal/day.

Incorrect statement about BMI & Diabetes Risk

The prevalence of diabetes is much higher in women than in men of normal weight (based on BMI).

EER equations

Show age-related decline in energy needs is more pronounced in men than women.

Most accurate method to assess caloric needs

Of a bedridden patient is indirect calorimetry.

Conditionally essential amino acids

Cysteine can be synthesized from methionine; Tyrosine can be synthesized from phenylalanine.

Essential amino acids

They are obtained from the diet; The body does not contain the enzymes to produce them; Valine is an example of one.

Growing child nitrogen balance

A growing child excretes nitrogen (urea) in urine and is in positive nitrogen balance.

Proteins

Are the body's main source of nitrogen.

All proteins

Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Correct statements about proteins

Proteins have many functions (growth, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, energy, pH); Tertiary structure by R-group interactions; Heat/acid/salt/alkali cause denaturation; Proteins are joined by peptide bonds.

Nitrogen balance equation

Subtracting 2 accounts for nitrogen lost in skin cells and feces.

Transamination

Transfers amino group, used in nonessential AA synthesis, and converts glutamate to alanine.

Function and structure of proteins

Function dictates a protein's structure.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Treatment: low-phenylalanine diet; Toxic byproducts cause severe retardation; Cannot synthesize tyrosine.