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Person Perception

How we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior

Attribution Theory

We explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's stable traits

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overestimating personal traits and underestimating situations when judging others' behavior

Actor-Observer Bias

Attributing our own actions to situations but others' actions to personal traits

Prejudice

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Just-World Phenomenon

Belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Social Identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept based on group memberships

Scapegoat Theory

Prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame

Ingroup

"Us"; people with whom we share a common identity

Outgroup

"Them"; those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Ingroup Bias

Favoring one's own group

Other-Race Effect

Better recognition of faces of one's own race than of other races

Attitudes

Feelings, influenced by beliefs, that predispose responses to people or events

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Agreeing to a small request increases likelihood of agreeing to a larger one

Role

A set of expectations about how people in certain positions should behave

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

We act to reduce discomfort from inconsistent thoughts or behaviors

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected social behavior

Conformity

Adjusting behavior or thinking toward a group standard

Persuasion

Changing attitudes, potentially influencing actions

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Being influenced by incidental cues, like attractiveness

Central Route Persuasion

Being influenced by evidence and arguments

Normative Social Influence

Influence from wanting approval or avoiding disapproval

Informational Social Influence

Accepting others' opinions as reality

Obedience

Following direct commands or orders

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on easy tasks in the presence of others

Social Loafing

Exerting less effort in a group than when alone

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations

Group Polarization

Strengthening of group beliefs through discussion

Groupthink

Desire for harmony overrides realistic decision-making

Culture

Shared behaviors, ideas, and values passed across generations

Tight Culture

Strong norms with low tolerance for deviant behavior

Loose Culture

Weak norms with high tolerance for deviant behavior

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Blocking a goal creates anger, leading to aggression

Social Script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in situations

Mere Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking of them

Passionate Love

Intense positive absorption, usually early in a relationship

Compassionate Love

Deep affectionate attachment with those our lives intertwine

Self-Disclosure

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Altruism

Unselfish concern for others' welfare

Bystander Effect

Less likely to help when others are present

Social Exchange Theory

Helping behavior aims to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Reciprocity Norm

Expectation to help those who have helped us

Social-Responsibility Norm

Expectation to help those in need

Social Trap

When self-interest leads conflicting parties into destructive behavior

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Each side sees itself as moral and the other as evil

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that require cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; strategy to reduce tension