Studied by 6 people
Mutagen
________: an agent that causes a change in the genetic material of an organism.
Cytosol
________: Aqueous component of the cell cytoplasm, in which various organelles and particles are suspended.
Aneuploidy
________: The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set.
Gene loci
________ can be identified according to chromosome number, arm, and banding region.
Oncogene
________: A gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
Peptide
________: Two amino acids linked in a chain.
Pure breeding
________: Where all individuals have the same genetic information through generations.
SIngle nucleotide polymorphism
________: Locations on chromosomes that differ by only one base from one human to another.
Somatic
________: occurs in body cells and can not be inherited.
Analogous
________: Structures that appear similar or have the same function but are unrelated.
Prophase
________: DNA supercoils and chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and centromeres go to opposite sides.
Transition
________: substitution of one purine for another purine or one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine.
Helicase
________: Enzyme that separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
Metaphase
________: Mitotic spindle connects centromeres and centrosomes, aligning the chromosomes to the center.
Hominidae
________: The family to which humans belong.
Homo
________: The genus to which humans belong.
Translation
________: The mRNA transcripts code for the production of polypeptides in ribosomes.
Transversion
________: substitution of a purine by pyrimidine and vice versa.
Australopithecus
________: A genus in the family Hominidae that is probably ancestral to the genus Homo.
Mitosis
________: Nuclear division, whereby each pair of sister chromatids are separated into two identical daughter nuclei.
Homologous pairs
________ are arranged by length.
Plasmids
________: Autonomous genetic structure that can replicate independently of the chromosome, usually in prokaryotes.
Morphology
________: The physical form or structure of an organism.
Directional
________: One phenotypic extreme is selected at the expense of another.
Genetic drift
________: Change in gene pool composition due to chance events.
Chiasma
________: The contact point between the two chromatids of a chromosome during meiosis.
Dichotomous keys
________: A method of identification where a group of organisms is repeatedly divided into two categories until each organism has been identified.
Cytokinesis
________ (in plants): vesicles form at the center of the cell to form a cell wall.
Haploid
________: one copy of each chromosome (n)
Telophase
________: Chromosomes de- condense as the nucleus reforms.
Evolution
________: Cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population.
Diploid
________: two copies (complete set) of each chromosome (2n)
Artifical classification
________: Classifies species based on non- predictive features.
Adaptive radiation
________: A rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor when members occupy niches with different conditions.
Germline
________: occur in sex cells (gametes) and is inherited.
Chromatin
________: a mixture of DNA and proteins found in cells normally.
Metastasis
________: The spread of cancerous tissue.
Gametogenesis
________: the production and differentiation of gametes from haploid cells.
Universality
________: All organisms use the same genetic code (few viral exceptions)
Phosphodiester bond
Nucleotides are connected to form polynucleotides through the sugar-phosphate backbone thanks to this covalent bond
Purines
Double-ringed chemical compound found in nitrogenous bases
Complementary pairs
Nitrogenous bases connected via hydrogen bonds
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
transcript copy of a gene that reads the sequence in base triplets (codon) in the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
responsible for the synthesis of protein in ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence that will align opposite to a specific codon, transporting the latter to ribosomes
Gene
a specific sequence of DNA that encodes for a particular protein
Alleles
different possible variations of a gene
Gene mutation
change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
Genome
The complete set of DNA in an organism
Human genome
46 chromosomes
Gene splicing
The process used to add a gene into or remove genes from DNA
Gene therapy
The process of replacing a defective gene with a normal gene
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells
Cells that are able to self-renew by dividing and developing into the three primary groups of cells that make up a human body
Chromosome
Single double-stranded DNA molecule
Cytosol
Aqueous component of the cell cytoplasm, in which various organelles and particles are suspended
Diploid
two copies (complete set) of each chromosome (2n)
Haploid
one copy of each chromosome (n)
Homologous chromosomes
Paired maternal and paternal chromosomes found in diploid organisms
Karyograms
Chromosome profile of an individual organism
Chorionic villi sampling
Cells are extracted from the placental tissue
Amniocentesis
Cells are extracted from the amniotic fluid
Autoradiography
A technique used to visualize uncondensed chromosomes by John Cairns
Aneuploidy
The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set
Polyploidy
The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosome sets due to malfunction of cytokinesis
DNA replication
Duplicate DNA to create identical sister chromatids prior to cell division
Transcription
Synthesise an RNA sequence from a DNA template
Translation
The mRNA transcripts code for the production of polypeptides in ribosomes
Semi-conservative
When new DNA molecules form they are composed of one strand from the original template and one newly synthesized
Helicase
Enzyme that separates the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
Polymerase
Enzyme that covalently joins free nucleotides to their exposed complementary base pairs by using the energy from cleaving two of the phosphates
Polymerase chain reaction
An artificial method of replication used to rapidly amplify DNA sequences
RNA polymerase
Binds DNA and breaks the H-bonds and covalently joins RNA nucleotides
Antisense strand
RNA strand that is transcribed (the sequence is complementary to RNA script)
Peptide
Two amino acids linked in a chain
Degeneracy
More than one codon may code for the same amino acid, allowing silent mutations
Interphase
An active period in the cell cycle where many key metabolic processes occur
S phase
DNA replication
G2 phase
cell growth and proof-reading
Chromatin
a mixture of DNA and proteins found in cells normally
Chromosome
Chromatin strands that are condensed for mitosis
Chromatid
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome
Mitosis
Nuclear division, whereby each pair of sister chromatids are separated into two identical daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis (in animals)
Microtube filaments form a cleavage furrow that contracts
Cytokinesis (in plants)
vesicles form at the center of the cell to form a cell wall
Necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death
Apoptosis
Controlled cell death
Cancer
caused by uncontrolled cell division
Tumors
abnormal cellular growths formed as a result of cancer
Metastasis
The spread of cancerous tissue
Mutagen
an agent that causes a change in the genetic material of an organism
Carcinogens
Mutagens that cause cancer
Meiosis
Cell division for gametes
Gametes
Haploid sex cells produced by sexually reproducing organisms
Female
ovum
Male
sperm
Gametogenesis
the production and differentiation of gametes from haploid cells
Bivalents
Homologous chromosomes associated in pairs
Chiasmata
a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis
Crossing over
Homologous chromosomes connect via chiasmata to form bivalents (tetrads) and exchange small portions of genetic information
Random assortment
Homologous chromosomes line up in random orientation during metaphase I, giving humans 2^23 gamete combinations
