depolarization + repolarization

what is osmoregulation

the process of maintaining a stable internal balance of water and solutes

water movement across membranes occurs by:

osmosis

many patient conditions are caused by what

altered ion balance

what do depolarization and repolarization underlie

nerve impulses, heartbeat, and muscle contraction

resting membrane potential

Difference of electrical potential inside a cell vs outside a cell 

depolarization

The process in which the electrical charge across a cell membrane becomes less negative (or more positive) than it’s resting state

Repolarization:

The process by which a cell membrane returns to its resting negative charge after a nerve or muscle impulse (action potential) has
passed

the inside of a resting cell is more positive or negative than the outside?

more negative

the Na+/K+ pump moves how many in/out

3Na+ out, 2K+ in

K+ is the major ion responsible for what

resting membrane potential

what is neuron resting potential 

-70 mV

depolarization makes the membrane less negative or less positive

less negative

repolarization returns the membrane to what

it’s resting negative charge

rapid depolarization is caused by what

fast Na+ influx

repolarization is caused by what 

K+ influx

contraction and cardiac plateau phase require what

cardiac contraction strength 

in neurons, depolarization opens which channels?

voltage-gated K+ channels

during repolarization what moves out of the cell

K+

hyponatremia many cause what

confusion or seizures

hyperkalemia causes which waves to peak

T waves

phase 0 ventricular AP is cause by :

Na+ influx

phase 2 plateau is caused by:

Ca2+ influx

phase 3 repolarization is caused by:

K+ efflux

QRS represents what

ventricular depolarization

T waves represents what

ventricular repolarization

hypokalemia causes:

flattened T waves and U waves

skeletal muscle depolarizes when what enters

Na+

Ca2+ binds to what to trigger contraction

troponin

Ca2+ must be pumped back to the SR for what

relaxation

hypocalcemia may cause what

Chvostek or trousseau signs

neuromuscular blockers prevent what from binding

Ach

all excitable cells use __ for depolarization and _ for repolarization

Na+ and K+