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Baruch Spinoza
Advocates for freedom of thought and expression, emphasizing individual liberty and equality under the law, and the importance of societies promoting freedom for moral and intellectual progress.
Molière
Critiques religious hypocrisy. Highlighting the dynamics between characters and the King's political/divine power.
Voltaire
Against abstract thought, focuses on empirical evidence, praises English system for freedom of speech, and political liberty compared to France.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believes in the natural goodness of humanity, critiques the Enlightenment for corrupting this goodness, emphasizes collective responsibility for a good society.
Edmund Burke
Defines nature as wisdom without reflection, emphasizes the importance of hierarchy and social esteem, and the preservation of traditions for social order.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Advocates for the rights of men and women, focuses on civilization over the state of nature, and stresses the importance of education for women's equality.
Immanuel Kant
Discusses freedom and equality, progress in civilizations, and the Enlightenment, with a critique of religion and secularism.
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