Evolution Bio dat

What does evolution refer to?

Changes in allele frequencies in populations over time

What is microevolution?

Changes in allele frequencies within a population

What does macroevolution describe?

Changes in groups of related species over geologic time

What did Lamarck propose?

Body features acquired during life can be passed down (FALSE)

What did Darwin and Wallace propose?

Natural selection (“survival of the fittest”)

Which are requirements for natural selection?

Heritable variation, Competition, and Accumulation of favorable traits

In evolution, what does "fitness" mean?

Ability to survive and produce fertile offspring

What type of selection favors intermediate traits?

Stabilizing selection

What type of selection favors both extremes?

Disruptive selection

What type of selection favors one extreme phenotype?

Directional selection

Which is NOT a condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Natural selection

In Hardy-Weinberg, what does 2pq represent?

Frequency of heterozygous individuals

Which process contributes to genetic variation?

Crossing over

What is balanced polymorphism?

Maintenance of different phenotypes in a population

What is heterozygote advantage?

Heterozygote is more fit than either homozygote

How does diploidy preserve genetic variation?

Stores recessive alleles in heterozygotes

What do homologous structures suggest?

Common ancestry

What do analogous structures indicate?

Similar environments led to similar traits (independent evolution)

What is genetic drift?

Random changes in allele frequency

What is the Founder Effect?

Genetic drift due to small group colonizing new area

What is the Bottleneck Effect?

Population drastically reduced, limiting variation

What is gene flow?

Addition/removal of alleles due to migration

What starts the process of speciation?

Cessation of gene flow

What does allopatric speciation require?

Geographic barrier

What does sympatric speciation occur without?

Geographic barrier

Which is NOT a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

Hybrid sterility

What is hybrid breakdown?

Offspring have reduced fertility or viability

What is divergent evolution?

Two or more species from a common ancestor become different

What is convergent evolution?

Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to environment

What is parallel evolution?

Related species develop similar traits after diverging

What is coevolution?

Two or more species evolve together due to close interaction

What does q represent in p + q = 1?

Frequency of the recessive allele

What does q² represent in Hardy-Weinberg?

Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

If q² = 0.16, what is q?

0.4

A graph that shifts to one phenotype extreme indicates:

Directional selection

A graph with two peaks after selection shows:

Disruptive selection

A graph that narrows around the average trait shows:

Stabilizing selection

What is temporal isolation?

Species reproduce at different times

What is mechanical isolation?

Male and female genitalia are incompatible

What is gametic isolation?

Gametes of different species fail to recognize/fuse

What process causes sympatric speciation in plants?

Polyploidy

When does sympatric speciation occur?

Without geographic separation

Which does NOT contribute directly to evolution?

Random mating

A mountain range splitting a population leads to:

Allopatric speciation

Bat wings and bee wings are examples of:

Analogous structures (convergent evolution)

Two related species independently evolving similar traits is:

Parallel evolution

Predator and prey evolving together is:

Coevolution