APUSH Ch8-12

Capitalism

an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit

Bank of the United States

In 1791 Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed the creation of this to store government funds, collect and expend government revenue, and issue common currency to serve as a national medium of exchange. Hamilton defended this institution as "necessary and proper" and therefore constitutional. Strict constructionists, like Jefferson and Madison however, believed it to be unconstitutional.

State banks

made loans and issued money. Put too much money into circulation and this made prices rise

BUS v. State Banks

State Banks gave out too many loans and then barely having money in its bank, the BUS was stable unlike state banks.

"national market"

the nationwide economic system made possible by improvements in the transportation and communication network

New England textile mills

Growth of Industrial towns

Near sources of water to power spinning machines and looms. After 1815, New England's rudimentary cotton mills developed into modern factories where machines mass-produced goods.

Lowell Girls

Young, single women from New England farms that had experience for the textile industry and were cheaper to hire than males. Lived in company-owned boardinghouses where older women acted as chaperones.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill.

Business cycle

alternating periods of growth and decline that the economy goes through

Cottage Industry

An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.

Improvements in transportation

-conestoga wagon (better surfaces on which to travel)

-lancaster turnpike (1st paved road in philadelphia)

•used money from toll roads in order to build more roads

-bridges

-canals (erie canal)

Commonwealth System

1790s American plan of mercantilism, with a goal of increasing the "common wealth" of the society. State legislatures enacted measures to stimulate commerce and eco development. Granted charters to build infrastructure, but soon encompassed much more than transportation.

Middle Class

In the 13 English colonies, a class that included skilled craft workers, farmers, and some tradespeople.

Suffrage

In 1776 New Jersey, had granted suffrage to all property holders. After 1800, as Federalists and Republicans competed for votes, they challenged political custom by encouraging voting by property-owning single women and widows. Sensing a threat to the male-centered political world, in 1807 the New Jersey legislature limited voting rights to white men only.

Marriage (patterns, sentimentalism, divorce)

marriage was more of a economic relationship, it wasn't for love it was more of a woman marrying someone rich. Marriage became more of a loving and caring for each other relationship. women were then allowed to divorce.

Republican Motherhood

suggested that women would be responsible for raising their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic

Child rearing beliefs

Child rearing was not to break a childs will through intense moral or physical pressure but to shape his or her character in preparation for the temptations in life and life in the outside world.

Education (expansion of, Noah Webster, women)

The values transmitted within families were crucial because most education

still took place within the household. Writer Noah Webster believed education should develop the American intellect.

Growth of abolition movement

early 1800s a growing number of Americans, mostly Northerners, opposed slavery began to speak out, became known as abolitionists, it was a great reform movement that they led

Manumission laws

In 1782, the Virginia assembly passed a manumission act, which allowed individual owners to free their slaves; and within a decade, planters had released ten thousand slaves.

Slavery: How it promoted sectionalism

The North wasn't in favor of slavery because due to all of the factories and female workers and people going to the city to find jobs, they did't need slaves. On the other hand, the South needed slaves more due to the cotton gin. Slavery began to create difference between the South and the North.

American Colonization Society

In 1817, influential Americans who were worried about the impact of slavery and race on so- ciety founded the American Colonization Society. Slav- ery had to end, and, members of the society argued, freed blacks had to be sent back to Africa. The society was a failure, and only freed a several hundred slaves.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border, 36° 30', of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Economic System in the North

Invested more money into manufacturing

Farms were more subsistence than profit driven

Climate prevented cash-crops from being profitable

Less demand for slavery

Economic System in the South

Growth of cotton + cotton gin = "King Cotton"

Plantation slave system spread and grew

By 1800, cotton became more important than tobacco, due to the cotton gin.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

The American System

1815 Madison urged Congress to develop a plan to unify the country

Henry Clay's American System

A strong banking system, to provide easy and abundant credit

A protective tariff (20-25% normally for British goods)

The Tariff of 1816

1st protective tariff

A network of roads and canals

Funded from tariff

*President Madison vetoed the bill to give states aid for infrastructure

Felt intrastate projects were unconstitutional

Judicial Restraint

Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words LITERALLY say.

Judicial Activism

Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect current conditions and values.

Fletcher v Peck

1810 - A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant wass a legal contract, it could not be repealed, even if corruption was involved. *Judicial review also implies to state laws.

Expansion of federal power

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

case in which the Supreme Court prevented the New Hampshire from changing Dartmouth's charter to make it a public institution; the Court held that the contract clause of the Constitution extended to charters and that contracts could not be invalidated by state law. The case was one of a series of Court decisions that limited states' power and promoted business interests

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

the Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818)

Def: British and Americans agreed to limit the naval arms on the Great Lakes. The treaty placed limits on border forts.

Sig: As a result of these negotiations, relations between the US and the British improved. The Canadian border became the longest unfortified boundary in the world.

The Convention of 1818

Drew the line between the border of the United States and Canada

Peacefully settling disputes

Also out the Oregon Country aside.

There is an improvement if relations

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

An agreement between the US and Spain. Spain ceded East Florida to the U.S and agreed to joint posession of Oregon.

Tallmadge Amendment

no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories?

Shoe production increased.

Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820s and 1830s?

Workers' wages decreased.

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America?

It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.

Around the 1830s, what new form of manufacturing emerged in America?

The fabrication of metal products.

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery?

Steam engines

Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789?

Samuel Slater

In the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following?

More natural resources

In the early 1800s, British textile manufacturers had which of the following advantages over their American competitors?

A large pool of cheap labor

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century?

By passing protective tariffs

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry in the United States?

Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system?

Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s?

They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families.

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s?

He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing.

Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution?

American ingenuity

The most critical contribution American mechanics made to the Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following?

Machine tools

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century?

American businesses soon dominated in many European markets

Which of the following was one of the ways that wageworkers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their nonwork lives in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work.

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans?

As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

The concept that the price of a product should reflect the work required to make it is known as

the labor theory of value.

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved?

Irish immigrants

Which of these factors was the critical stimulus for the growth of domestic American markets in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Better transportation networks

The transformation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following?

The Market Revolution

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806?

To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817?

New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes.

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s?

The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time.

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering project in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons?

It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost.

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences?

The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision

overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century?

Railroads/The Pony Express

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s?

The steel plow

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans?

Their role in transportation networks

Which inventor is properly matched with the item he invented?

John Deere—the steel plow

Through which of the following sources did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s?

Tariffs on imported goods

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans?

Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s?

The Protestant work ethic