isotopes

atoms of the same element

S

two electrons

p

6 electrons

d

10 electrons

f

14 electrons

Absorption:

Electron gains energy and moves to higher level.

Ground state

Electrons are in the lowest possible energy level (stable).

Excited state

Electrons absorb energy and jump to higher levels (unstable). They eventually fall back down, releasing energy.

Release

Electron falls back, emitting energy as light or heat. This is how fireworks and neon lights work.

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost level, determine bonding and chemical reactivity

Isotopes

are atoms of the same element (same number of protons) but different numbers of neutrons. This changes the mass but not the chemical behavior.

Density

how much matter is packed into a certain amount of space

specific heat

how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance