GEN BIO 1 | Cell Structure and Functions (copy)

Plasma Membrane

A Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and steroid molecules that encloses the cytoplasm and regulates interactions with the external environment.

Hydrophilic Region

polar phosphate head that dissolves in water

Hydrophobic Region

Lipid tails that do not dissolve easily in water

Fluid Mosaic Model

shows membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

Phospholipid

responsible for the selective permeability of cell

Sterols

maintain the membrane’s fluidity as the temperature fluctuates

Glycoprotein

sugar attached to proteins for cell identification

Nucleus

Information central that houses genetic material and controls the massage of molecules across membrane

Nucleoplasm

semifluid interior

Nuclear Envelope

double membrane with nuclear pores that control which substances pass through the nucleus

Nucleolus

where ribosomal subunits are being produced

Ribosomes

protein factories where cellular components carry out protein synthesis, may be suspended in the cytoplasm or bound to membrane

Cytoplasm

a semifluid substance of water, salts, and organic compounds called cytosol where the organelles are suspended

Cytoskeleton

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm for support and motility, giving mechanical support to the cell maintaining its shape

Components of Cytoskeleton

Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules

Actin Filaments

has subunits of actin, form scaffolding for proteins for cellular movement, contraction, shape changes, and migration

Intermediate Filaments

made from a variety of proteins and forms a sable framework that lends structure and resilience to cells and tissues

Microtubules

consists of subunits of tubulin and can rapidly assemble and disassemble when necessary

Centrosome

microtubule organizing center near nucleus

Centrioles

barrel shaped microtubules that assist in animal cell division

Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

It has ribosomes that produces proteins. It adds carbohydrate chains to proteins forming glycoproteins, forms transport vesicles, and adds membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, stores calcium ions, and forms vesicles

Golgi Apparatus

It is composed of flat, membrane-bound sacs and is the cell’s shipping and receiving center. It sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes molecules to their destinations

Lysosomes

They are digestive compartment vesicles produced by golgi bodies; it has enzymes that dismantle and recycle food, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris.

Mitochondria

for power generation and changes the energy in food to ATP

Chloroplast

has the green pigment chlorophyll along with enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthetic production of sugar

Peroxisome

membrane-bound vesicles that contain enzymes and break down fatty acids and dispose of toxic substances through oxidation

Vacuoles

large vesicles from ER and golgi apparatus that vary in function