ILLNESS THA OCCURS IN NEWBORNS (MIDTERMS)

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Formerly termed as “Hyaline membrane disease“

CAUSE: Low / Absence of surfactant

MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME

Can cause severe respiratory distress

MANAGEMENT: Amniofusion

APNEA

Cessation of respiration lasting longer than 20sec, sometimes accompanied by cyanosis or bradycardia.

HIGH RISK:

• Preterm

• Hypoglycemia

• Hypothermia

• Hyperbilirubinemia

SUDDEN INFANT SYNDROME

A sudden unexplained death in infant

Higher risk:

• Infant of adolescent mothers

• Underweight and preterm infants

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:

• Sleeping prone

• Exposure to secondary smoke

• Pulmonary edema

• HR abnormalities

• Viral respiratory or botualism infection

• Sleeping in a room without air currents

PERIVENTICULAR LEUKOMALACIA

• It is the of ischemia of the white matter of the brain

• Caused by ANOXIC episodes that interferes with circulation to a portion of the brain

• Frequent in PRE TERM INFANTS who experienced cerebral ischemia

HYMOLITIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN/ HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA

Because of RH INCOMPATIBILITY:

• Mother is RH negative, fetal blood is RH positive

RH IMMUNOGLOBULIN (RHIG or RHoGAM)

• Given within 72 hours after birth in newborn

POSITIVE COOMBS TEST

TWIN TO TWIN TRANSFUSION

Occurs if twin are MONOZYGOTIC

DONOR TWIN = Anemia

RECIEVING TWIN = Polycythemia

NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

The bowel develops necrotic patches, Interfering withing the digestion and possibly leadingg to paralytic ileus, perforation and peritonitiis

RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY

• Acquired ocular disease that leads to partial or total blindness

• CAUSED BY: vasoconstriction of immature retinal blood vessels

BETA HEMOLYTIC, GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION

Natural inhabitant of the female genital tract

OPTHALMIA NEONATORUM

CAUSE: niessearia gonorrhoeae

HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION

Can be transmitted to the newborn through contact with infected vaginal blood at birth

GENERALIZED HERPESVIRUS INFECTION

• Contracted by a fetus across the placenta if the mother has primary infection during pregnancy

• Contracted in vaginal secretions

NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME

If mother took a drug close to birth, infant may show withdrawal symptoms

PECTUS EXCAVATUM

“Funnel Chest“

• Indentation of the lower portion of the sternum

• Most common congenital deformity of the ANTERIOR CHEST

PECTUS CARINATUM

Sternum is displaced anterioly, increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

TORTICOLLIS

• Sternocleidomastoid muscle is injured and bleeds during birth

• Newborns with WIDE SHOULDERS when pressure is exerted on the head

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

• Premature closure of the sutured of the skull

ACHONDROPLASIA

Failure of bone growth which causes a disorder in the cartilage production in utero

RARE HEIGHT: 4 feet and 6 inch

TALIPES DISORDER

Club foot

PLANTAR FLEXION

HORSE FOOT

DORSIFLEXION

HEEL IS HELD LOWER THAN THE FOREFOOT

VARUS DEVIATION

FOOT TURNS IN

VALGUS DEVIATION

FOOT TURNS OUT

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP

The acetabulum of the pelvis is unusually shallow or flattened, preventing the head of femur remaining in the accetabulum and rotating adequately

ANKYLOGLOSSIA

Abnormal restriction of the tongue caused by abnormally tight frenulum

THYROGLOSSAL CYSTS

Congenital defects located in or around the midline of the neck

CLEFT LIP AN PALATE

The maxillary and median nasal processes normally fuse between 5 and 8 weeks of intrauterine life

SOFT PALATE REPAIR: 3-6m

HARD PALATE REPAIR: 6-12m

THE PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME

• Rare triad of macronagthia, cleft palate, glossoptosis

• Results in severe upper respiratory distress due to obstruction

ESOPAGEAL ATRESIA

Incomplete formation of the esophageal lumen resulting in proximal/upper esophagus forming a “blind puch“

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA

Occurs when an opening develops between the closed distal

UMBILICAL HERNIA

Protrusion of a portion of the intestine

OMPHALOCELE

Protrusion or herniation of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall at the point of the junction of the umbilical cord and abdomen

GASTROSCHISIS

Similar to omphalocele except the abdominal wall disorder is distance from the umbilicus.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Atresia or stenosis

MOST COMMON SITE = duodenum

HYDROCEPHALUS

Accumulation of an excess amount of CSF in the ventricles

NEURAL TUBE DISORDERS

Folic acid deficiency

maternal age under 20 and over 40

Maternal education bellow grade 12

Low socioeconomic status

ANENCEPHALY

Absence of cerebral hemispheres

Revealed by an elevated level of MAFP, amniocentisis, prenatal sonogram

MICROCEPHALY

Fetal brain grows so slowly that it falls more than 3 standard deviations below on a growth chart at birth

• Malnutrition

• Intrauterine Infection: Rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis virus, zika virus

SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA

• Mildest form of NTD; occurs when the posterior laminae of the vertebrae fail to fuse

• Malformation caused by non-closure or incomplete closure of the posterior portion of the vertebrae

• 5th lumbar or 1st sacral

• Dimpling at the point of poor fusion

MENINGOCELE

Meninges herniate through an unformed vertebrae, protruding as a circular mass at the center of the back

MENINGOMYELOCELE

Meninges and spinal cord protrude through the vertebrae; spinal cord usually ends at the point of protrusion

ENCEPHALOCELE

• A cranial meningocele

• occurs most often in the OCCIPITAL area of the skull

• Nasal or nasopharengeal disorder