4.1.8.4 Positive & negative externalities

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What are externalities?

  • third party effects arising from production and consumption of goods/services for which no appropriate compensation is paid.

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Where do externalities occur?

  • outside of the market ie. they affect people not directly involved in the production and/or consumption of a good or service.

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What’s an example of a negative externality of consumption?

  • A person smoking a cigarette (or eating an egg sandwich) at a bus stop has made a deliberate economic decision to consume a product.

  • The person standing next to her has not made that decision but is ‘consuming’ the bad smell resulting from the decision made by the other person.

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What’s an example of a positive externality of consumption?

  • A family halfway down my street love their fireworks!

  • They spend a huge amount on sophisticated fireworks on Guy Fawkes night and put on a great display.

  • Assuming I enjoy fireworks, their economic decision to consume fireworks counts as a positive externality of consumption for me

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What’s an example of a negative externality of production?

  • Making furniture by cutting down rainforests in the Amazon displaces the indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest.

  • It also leads to higher global warming as there are less trees to absorb carbon dioxide

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What’s a positive externality of production?

  • A farmer grows apple trees. An external benefit is that he provides nectar for a nearby beekeeper who gains increased honey because of the farmers orchard

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What are socials costs?

  • Social cost = Private cost + External cost

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What are private costs?

  • costs the firm pays to purchase capital equipment, hire labour, and buy materials or other inputs, for a producer of a good/service

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What are external costs?

  • not reflected on firms’ income statements.

  • costs to society

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If social benefit > social cost, then…

product/project is good for society at large.

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if private benefit ≯ private cost then…

it will not be worthwhile for an entrepreneur/firm to invest.

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What do negative production externalities lead to?

• under-pricing

• over-consumption

• over-production of goods (Excess Supply)

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What do Positive production externalities lead to?

  • over-pricing

  • under-consumption

  • under-production (Excess Demand)

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What are Negative production externalities & Positive production externalities examples of?

  • market failure: the market mechanism producing the goods in the wrong quantities.

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What are negative externalities in production?

  • costs resulting from the production process that aren’t paid for by the producer.

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Negative Production Externalities Diagram

  • Without having to pay for externalities, the supply curve is at S1. This is called the private supply curve. It leads to a private equilibrium at (Q1, P1).

  • Supply curve S2 is the social supply curve. It factors in the external costs and leads to a social equilibrium at (Q2, P2). Notice that price is higher, and quantity is less

  • vertical gap between the two supply curves represents the external costs.

<ul><li><p>Without having to pay for externalities, the supply curve is at S1. This is called the private supply curve. It leads to a private equilibrium at (Q1, P1).</p></li><li><p>Supply curve S2 is the social supply curve. It factors in the external costs and leads to a social equilibrium at (Q2, P2). Notice that price is higher, and quantity is less</p></li><li><p>vertical gap between the two supply curves represents the external costs.</p></li></ul>
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Positive Production Externalities Diagram

  • Without gaining the benefit of the externalities, the supply curve is at S1. This is called the private supply curve. It leads to a private equilibrium at (Q1, P1).

  • A social equilibrium at (Q2, P2) including external benefits, could be achieved, for instance, by government subsidies to incentivise greater production

  • This time the vertical gap between the two supply curves represents the external benefit. Positive Production Externalities P2 Q2

<ul><li><p>Without gaining the benefit of the externalities, the supply curve is at S1. This is called the private supply curve. It leads to a private equilibrium at (Q1, P1).</p></li><li><p>A social equilibrium at (Q2, P2) including external benefits, could be achieved, for instance, by government subsidies to incentivise greater production</p></li><li><p>This time the vertical gap between the two supply curves represents the external benefit. Positive Production Externalities P2 Q2</p></li></ul>
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Why does the market fail and what is done to correct this?

  • The market (left to its own devices) fails, because the socially irresponsible private equilibrium will be the outcome.

  • The government can intervene to ‘correct’ the market. It could, for instance, introduce a pollution tax, forcing companies to pay costs equal to the estimated* value of the negative externalities.

  • This effectively shifts the supply curve back to S2 leading the market to find the social equilibrium.

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negative externality of consumption diagram

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positive externality of consumption diagram

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