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How does endocrine signaling work?
By endocytosis OR by diffusing directly into bloodstream —> THEN GOES TO A TARGET CELL OUTSIDE AND BINDS ON SURFACE
If a reaction amplifies itself, or repeats itself, in trying to bring something back to homeostasis, what kind of feedback is it?
Positive feedback
If a reaction brings something back to homeostasis by using the end product to cancel to continuation of the reaction?
Negative feedback
Where does the cleaving of chromatids take place in mitosis
BETWEEN metaphase and anaphase; the transition between the two
What does a transport pump do?
Transports molecules AGAINST their conc gradient - is ACTIVE TRANSPORT
What happens if there are too many H+ molecules around an enzyme?
H+ will form bonds with the enzyme, disrupting its shape and denaturing it
What happens if you put an enzyme solution in ice?
Catalyzation will occur slower; be easier to study
What color does chlorophyll absorb
Everything but green
Is heat required to established the ETC
no
What DOES establish the ETC?
Proteins in the mitoschondrial membrane
What happens in Ox. Phos. if O2 is depleted?
ETC will be incomplete because there will be no final acceptor of the excited electron
How does ATP activate enzymes?
Phosphorylates them in ADDITION TO PROVIDING ENERGY
Why do enzymes function better at optimal environmental factors?
Substrates bind more tightly to active sites
What is hypertonic?
High solute conc
What is hypotonic?
high solvent (water) conc
How does glycolysis make pH levels low?
produces pyruvic acid, which is acidic/low pH
What is biomass?
the amount of matter stored in a group or organisms
what might happen to biomass in a cell if a photosystem is inactive?
biomass accumulation will decrease, b/c w/o a PS, ATP is not produced and stored resources will be expended to support cell functions, decreasing biomass
Where are fungal cell walls found in fungi cells?
Outside of the plasma membrane
Do plant cell walls and fungal cell walls have the same function
yes
Do fungi use photosynthesis?
no
what do stomata do?
Are pores where gasses enter the plant, and water exits in transpiration
What would greater water vapor around a plant do?
water wouldn’t exit through the stomata cuz that would mean water exiting into a higher water conc
what happens to stomata if a plant doesn’t receive light?
stomata are ONLY open in light, and so w/o light, stomata’s remain closed
what happens if sodium diffuses from a high to low concentration?
it moves w/ diffusion, providing ENERGY (would also provide energy w/ fac. diff., as long as it isnt going AGAINST gradient)
what happens if a protein has an amino acid substitution?
it’s function will change, but it will not denature
What is it called when 2 polymers are able to form a polymer AFTER the removal of water?
dehydration synthesis
what is it called when an enzyme assists in breaking apart a molecule via the addition of water
Hydrolysis
What protein stage is alpha helices and beta sheets
secondary
what does it mean for the atoms of a fatty acid tail if the tail is saturated?
the atoms are more closely packed together and rigid; gives a higher melting point
how do hydrophobic R groups affect protein folding?
means those parts of the protein will fold inwards
What happens to water molecules at higher temps?
they will move around faster, breaking and reforming H-bonds faster. This means the water is less stable
