Bio eval

Enzymes

Control all chemical reactions in living organisms

Nucleus

Where dna is located

Genes

Instructions for making proteins

Ribosome

Protein factory

DNA - mRNA

Transcription

mRNA - protein

Translation

DNA

Deoxy ribose sugar

GCAT

Double stranded

RNA

Ribose sugar

GCAU

Single stranded

Codon

Block of 3 mRNA bases

Start codon

AUG ; Methonine

Stop codons

UGA,UAA,UAG

Anticodon

3tRNA bases

Mutation

changes the DNA, changes the mRNA, may change protein, may change trait

Point mutation

Change to one letter in the DNA

Frameshift mutation

Addition of a new letter

Deletion of a letter

Missense mutation

Changes amino acid

Silent mutation

No change to protein

Nonsense mutation

Change to stop codon

Addition

Add one or more base

Deletion

Lose one or more bases

Salt channel

Transports salt through protein channel out of cell

Seperate fragments by size

How we compare DNA fragments

Gel electrophoresis

Used to observe someone’s DNA, in paternity, evolution, forensics, etc

Genetic engineering

Cut, paste, insert, copies, reads, produce

Restriction enzyme

Used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses

Sticky ends

What is left at teh cut site of DNA, can glue DNA together

genetically modified organisms GMO

Enables plants to produce new proteins, protecting crops from insects, extending the growing season, improving the quality of food

Bacterial DNA

Single chromosome, no nucleus, haploid

Plasmids

Extra small circles of DNA, carry extra genes that bacteria can used, can be swapped between bacteria

Vector

To insert a plasmid into bacteria