Buffers acids and bases

What makes the ECF

Plasma, IF, lymph, gastric secretions, eye humor

What is hypernatremia

It is the dilution of Na due to over hydration. This can be caused by water ration or decrease water excretion.

What ions are greater in the ECF the ICF

Na and Cl are highest in the ECF, K and P are most abundant int he ICF

What enzyme in the RBC is responsible for the conversation of bicarbonate

Carboxylic anyhydrase is found in the RBC to convert CO2 from the TCA.

What buffers systems act first, and which one are slower.

The respitory and bicarbonate buffer systems are the fastest. The renal system takes much longer. Renal system contributes to respitory diseases such as asthma.

What buffers are found where? Why are some of these buffers not in other locations ie kidneys?

Bicarbonate - ECF heme-RBC. Phos-all, ammonium and phosphate ions in the kidneys. Ammonium is toxic to neural tissues.

What is osmotic diuretics?

Think about the relevance to diabetes and the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine, drives thirst and dehydration.

How does the major source of H+ differ from the major source of acid?

The major source of H+ is carbonic acid and acid is CO2 from the TCA

As pH falls ie respitory acidosis, what is affected?

pH falls, H+ is increased. To compensate we hyperventilate to push the equilibrium. The cause of respiratory acidosis is from hypoventilation.

As pH rises, ie respiratory alkalosis, what is affected and what is the cause/affect.

As pH rises, H+ concentration decreases. This can lead to hypoventilation as a compensation mechanism, and the cause of respiratory alkalosis is generally hyperventilation.

What happens with heart attack? How does this affect oxygen levels and what will the body do to compensate?

What happens the the equilibrium of bicarbonate when the RBC is in the tissues? How does this change as they approach the lungs? Explain in terms of Hb affinity to oxygen

As the RBCs are in the tissues the cell will take CO2 into the cell and convert it to HCO- and H+ via carboxlic anhydrase. The cell will then swap ou via Cl- channels to balance charges. In the lungs the qualibrium is pushed toward the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 and water. This allows the HB to give up H+ increasing the affinity to oxygen.