Philosophy of Science 4

What is Step 1 of the Scientific method?

observation & Question

What is pattern

a regularity in the world where you can predict what will happen next

Regularity

happens over and over

Step 2 of Scientific Method

Formulate a hypothesis

An informed attempt to answer the question

Step 3 of Scientific Method

Experiment/Data Collection

Think of a consequence you would be able to observe in the world if your hypothesis is correct

What to do for experiments

1. Create a set of procedures to systematically test a hypothesis

2. Consider what the variables & how they relate to each other

EX: Music & walking

Data collection

Gathering observations or measurements

Step 4 of the Scientific Method

Confirm/Deny hypothesis

Material cause

Stuff of wich something is made of

Formal Cause

the form or essence of a thing

Final Cause

According to Aristotle, the purpose for which a thing exists.

Efficient Cause

an agent that brings a thing into being or initiates a change

What language is used in science

math

objective

independent on person

subjective

completely dependent on the person

Scientists int he 16th and 17th centuries broke with traditions

Define characteristics to make science unique and separate form religion/

Focus on finding systematic patterns in nature

on finding natural laws

Rely on own senses

use of scientific instruments

Objective

Independent on the Person

Subjective

Complexly dependent on the person

What is the language of science?

Math

Purpose of social and Institutional organizations

Foster exchange of info
Support scientific work

Context of Discovery

Creating the hypothesis
Moving from ignorance to entertain the correct answer

Context of Justification

Assembling evidence
Accepting only those ideas supported by evidence

Rationalism

People are born with knowledge about the world, all you have to do is remembers

Today Rationalism

No need to look at physical world. Belief's are justified by reason alone.

Using Basic definitions

Empericism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Empiricism Today

Based on statements that are Justified by observing of the works. Beliefs are justified by experience, observations, collection, and experiments.

A Priori

Statements We know with out experience

A Posteroi

Statements we only know with experiance

Analytical Truth

The meaning of the world has been defined as a priori

Synthetic Truth

True by facts of the world

Deduction

General Premise - All men are Mortal
Particular Premise - Socrates is a man
Particular Conclusion- Socrates is Mortal

Induction

Particular Premise - Patient 1 eats red meat has high colestal
Particular Premise - Patient 2 same thing
General Conclusion - All patients who eat red meat seven days a week have high celestial

Induction characteristics:

Truth of the conclusion is not contained in the premise

We must look at the world and accumulate evidence to verify conclusion.

Summary of Deduction/Induction

The most difficult part is to justify knowledge

You can justify in a Rationalist or an Empirical way.

THE MOST COMMON WAY IS IMPERICISM

Justify Scientific Knowledge

1. Use experience (many individuals' observations - premise) to justify knowledge

2. Use the experience to create general statements that are
True everywhere/ALWAYS TRUE

Science is also Fallible

General statements are estimates that may be wrong

we need experiments to show us we are wrong

First Problem of Induction

We use induction in empirical sciences to use empirical evidence (data collection, experiments, observations) to create General Conclusions.

Move from the past (observations that are made in the past) to the future (when we argue. that all members of a group have a particular characteristic.

Just because we have observed something happening repeatedly in the past, doesn't guarantee that it will happen in the future.

Second Problem of Induction: Its Difficult to test a general Hypothesis

All A's are B's

All members of the group that is exist in past present and future have the same characteristic

Some interesting things to consider about induction

Moving prim past to future, the premise supports the argument but does not guarantee them.

Because the conclusions in induction are fallible and revisable

We may say them empirical evidence supports the hypothesis to some degree

Three problems of Induction

Sometime emperical evidence supports a hypo. but it can also support differently sometimes opposite hypo.

Poper's Solution

The probem of Induction is a Pseudoscience

TO show the all A's are B's we need to observe an infinite number of A's

All we need is falsification

To show all A's are B's are false all I need to do is find an A that is not a B. a Counter Example

Falsification in science is important

It is the only way we can connect to and improve hypo. & replace with better Hypo

Demates Science

differentce between science and Psudoscience