4/7/2025-Cam14-The growth of Bike - Sharing Schemes Around The World

devise

to invent or plan something carefully – dɪˈvaɪz

invent, create, conceive, formulate, plan, engineer, design, develop

She devised a method to reduce costs. Cô ấy nghĩ ra một phương pháp để giảm chi phí.

scheme

a systematic plan or arrangement – skiːm

program, plan, strategy, system, proposal, plot, arrangement, initiative

The new scheme helps low-income families. Kế hoạch mới giúp đỡ các gia đình thu nhập thấp.

come up with

to think of an idea or solution – ˈkʌm ˈʌp wɪð

think of, invent, suggest, produce, propose, generate, brainstorm, devise

He came up with a brilliant idea. Anh ấy nghĩ ra một ý tưởng tuyệt vời.

activist

a person who campaigns for change – ˈæktɪvɪst

campaigner, protester, advocate, reformer, supporter, demonstrator, crusader, agitator

She’s a climate change activist. Cô ấy là một nhà hoạt động về biến đổi khí hậu.

perceive

to become aware of or understand – pəˈsiːv

understand, notice, recognize, distinguish, realize, interpret, identify, observe

I perceive a change in his behavior. Tôi nhận thấy sự thay đổi trong hành vi của anh ấy.

threat

a potential danger or risk – θret

danger, risk, hazard, menace, warning, intimidation, peril, trouble

Climate change is a serious threat. Biến đổi khí hậu là một mối đe dọa nghiêm trọng.

consumerism

the belief in buying and using goods – kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm

materialism, commercialism, overconsumption, capitalism, mass consumption, buying culture, spending, luxury

Modern consumerism affects the environment. Chủ nghĩa tiêu dùng hiện đại ảnh hưởng đến môi trường.

leaflet

a small printed paper giving information – ˈliːflɪt

flyer, pamphlet, brochure, booklet, handout, circular, bulletin, advertisement

I got a leaflet about the new course. Tôi nhận được một tờ rơi về khóa học mới.

recall

to remember something – rɪˈkɔːl

remember, remind, bring back, recollect, retrieve, call to mind, elicit, reminisce

I can’t recall his name. Tôi không thể nhớ ra tên của anh ấy.

Paraphrasing

• Devise → She formulated a strategy.

• Scheme → The program was launched in 2020.

• Come up with → He proposed a new solution.

• Activist → She is a campaigner for gender equality.

• Perceive → I recognized a pattern in his speech.

• Threat → The virus poses a risk to public health.

• Consumerism → Overconsumption leads to waste.

• Leaflet → They distributed pamphlets at the event.

• Recall → I recollected her exact words.

Collocations

• devise a plan/method/strategy

• scheme to encourage/reduce/support

• come up with an idea/solution/excuse

• activist group/movement/leader

• perceive as/difference/threat

• threat to/from/posed by

• consumerism culture/trend/crisis

• leaflet distribution/drop/campaign

• recall vividly/faintly/someone’s name

IELTS Tips

• Writing Task 2: Use “devise” and “scheme” when proposing solutions.

• Speaking Part 3: Use “come up with” to describe ideas in problem-solving.

• Reading: Watch for “perceive” and “threat” in passages discussing opinions or environment.

• Listening: “Activist” and “consumerism” often appear in social issue topics.

• Vocabulary Note: “Leaflet” is common in advertising; helps in both Reading and Writing Task 1 (GT).

• Academic Word: “Recall” is useful for describing memory and experience.

a great deal

a large amount; a lot

enormous amount, large quantity, substantial amount, extensive, immense, massive, abundant, plentiful

He contributed a great deal to the success. / Anh ấy đã đóng góp rất nhiều cho thành công.

a large quantity

a great deal of effort, time, money, attention

Use this in Writing Task 2 for emphasizing scale or significance of issues or data

struggle

to try hard in difficult situations

fight, strive, battle, contend, labor, toil, exert, grapple

They struggled to survive. / Họ đã vật lộn để tồn tại.

try very hard

struggle with challenges, struggle to succeed

Good for Speaking Part 2 to describe past challenges or Task 2 body paragraphs

get off the ground

start successfully (idiom)

begin, initiate, launch, take off, commence, start up, break ground, set in motion

The business finally got off the ground. / Công việc kinh doanh cuối cùng cũng khởi sắc.

begin to be successful

project gets off the ground, plan gets off the ground

Common in Task 1/2 or Speaking for describing projects or businesses

be opposed to

to disagree or disapprove

disagree, object, resist, defy, protest, contradict, reject, challenge

Many are opposed to the plan. / Nhiều người phản đối kế hoạch này.

disagree with

strongly opposed to, openly opposed to

Good for opinion essays, expressing disagreement clearly

initiative

a plan to solve a problem

proposal, scheme, program, action, campaign, project, endeavor, plan

The government launched a new initiative. / Chính phủ đã phát động một sáng kiến mới.

new plan or effort

launch an initiative, take the initiative

Use in Writing Task 2 to talk about government or societal actions

distribute

to hand out or deliver

deliver, allocate, hand out, disseminate, issue, share, spread, dispense

They distributed leaflets to the crowd. / Họ đã phát tờ rơi cho đám đông.

give out

distribute food, distribute evenly, widely distributed

Common in Task 1 (charts), and Task 2 (social programs, services)

symbolic

representing something deeper

representative, figurative, emblematic, metaphorical, illustrative, iconic, meaningful, expressive

The dove is symbolic of peace. / Chim bồ câu là biểu tượng của hòa bình.

representing something indirectly

symbolic meaning, symbolic gesture

Useful for Speaking Part 3 or Task 2 when discussing abstract ideas

seize

to take quickly or by force

grab, snatch, capture, grasp, take hold of, clutch, take over, appropriate

The police seized the evidence. / Cảnh sát đã tịch thu tang vật.

take quickly or forcefully

seize the opportunity, seize control, seize power

Strong action verb, useful in Task 2 or Speaking Part 2

elaborate

detailed and carefully arranged

detailed, complex, intricate, sophisticated, decorated, refined, thorough, comprehensive

She gave an elaborate explanation. / Cô ấy đã đưa ra lời giải thích chi tiết.

very detailed

elaborate design, elaborate plan, elaborate costume

Use in Writing Task 2 when analyzing complex ideas

municipality

a city or town with its own government

city, borough, town, metropolis, local authority, urban area, civic administration, township

The municipality is responsible for waste collection. / Chính quyền thành phố chịu trách nhiệm thu gom rác.

local government unit

local municipality, city municipality

Good for essays involving urban planning, governance

turn out

to end up happening or becoming

become, result, emerge, develop, prove to be, come out, eventuate, end up

It turned out to be true. / Hóa ra điều đó là thật.

result in something unexpectedly

turn out well/badly, it turns out that...

Use in Task 2 conclusion or Speaking Part 2 for storytelling

unanimously

with everyone in agreement

all together, collectively, harmoniously, with one voice, with agreement, without opposition, in unison, totally

The proposal was unanimously approved. / Đề xuất đã được phê duyệt nhất trí.

with complete agreement

voted unanimously, unanimously agreed

Good in Task 2 to express consensus or group decisions

glorious

wonderful and admirable

magnificent, superb, wonderful, splendid, majestic, radiant, noble, brilliant

It was a glorious day. / Đó là một ngày tuyệt vời.

magnificent, worthy of admiration

glorious past, glorious victory, glorious future

Use in Speaking to describe experiences or achievements

discourage

to make someone less confident or willing

deter, demoralize, dishearten, dissuade, depress, put off, intimidate, unnerve

Don’t let failure discourage you. / Đừng để thất bại làm bạn nản chí.

make someone less motivated

discourage someone from doing something

deposit

money paid as security

security, down payment, advance, installment, collateral, guarantee, earnest, pledge

She paid a deposit for the apartment. / Cô ấy đã trả tiền đặt cọc cho căn hộ.

payment made in advance

pay a deposit, refundable deposit

arouse

evoke or bring about a feeling

stimulate, provoke, awaken, trigger, inspire, excite, ignite, stir

The speech aroused hope. / Bài phát biểu đã khuấy động hy vọng.

trigger a reaction

arouse interest, arouse curiosity, arouse emotions

conscious

aware and alert

aware, mindful, alert, deliberate, intentional, perceptive, awake, observant

She was conscious of the danger. / Cô ấy ý thức được mối nguy hiểm.

being mentally aware

conscious decision, environmentally conscious

prove

to show something is true

show, demonstrate, verify, validate, confirm, substantiate, establish, evidence

He proved his innocence. / Anh ấy đã chứng minh sự vô tội của mình.

demonstrate truth

prove successful, prove useful, prove wrong

guilder

old Dutch currency before euro

Dutch coin, currency unit, Dutch money, florin (historic), monetary unit, coinage, legal tender, gulden

He collected old guilders. / Anh ấy sưu tập tiền Hà Lan cũ.

old Dutch monetary unit

Dutch guilder

chip

a small silicon piece in electronics

microchip, processor, integrated circuit, module, CPU, board, component, semiconductor

This computer uses the latest chip. / Máy tính này sử dụng chip mới nhất.

small part in machines

computer chip, memory chip, processing chip

conspicuous

easily seen or noticed

noticeable, visible, obvious, striking, eye-catching, prominent, evident, clear

His red hat was conspicuous. / Chiếc mũ đỏ của anh ấy rất nổi bật.

easy to notice

conspicuous feature, conspicuous absence

sturdy

strong and solid in structure

robust, durable, strong, well-built, tough, rugged, firm, hardy

The table is sturdy. / Cái bàn này chắc chắn.

strong and durable

sturdy structure, sturdy furniture

rack

frame used for holding things

holder, stand, shelf, framework, support, bracket, fixture, mount

She placed the dishes on the rack. / Cô ấy đặt bát lên giá đỡ.

supporting frame

bike rack, luggage rack, drying rack

distribute

To give out or deliver something to a number of people; to spread something over an area.

8 Synonyms

deliver, allocate, hand out, disseminate, issue, share, spread, dispense

Examples

EN: Volunteers distributed food to flood victims. VI: Các tình nguyện viên phân phát thực phẩm cho các nạn nhân lũ lụt.

Paraphrasing

To hand over or spread resources/items to multiple recipients.

Collocations

distribute evenly, distribute goods, distribute resources, distribute food, widely distributed, distribute wealth, distribute information, distribute leaflets

Tips for IELTS Skills

- Writing Task 1 & 2: Use when describing how resources, goods, or information are shared. - Speaking Part 2: Useful when describing charitable acts, services, or tasks you've done.

announce

To make something known publicly

publicize, inform, tell, declare, proclaim, broadcast, publish, reveal

The company announced a new policy. Công ty đã công bố một chính sách mới.

make public / share information

announce a decision, announce officially, government announced, announce the results

prone to

Likely to suffer or experience something, especially something negative

susceptible to, vulnerable to, liable to, inclined to, exposed to, apt to, at risk of, subject to

Children are prone to catching colds. Trẻ em dễ bị cảm lạnh.

likely to suffer from

prone to disease, prone to error, prone to injury

vandalism

The act of deliberately destroying or damaging property

destruction, defacement, damage, sabotage, mischief, malicious damage, desecration, hooliganism

The park suffered from vandalism last night. Công viên đã bị phá hoại tối qua.

intentional damage

commit vandalism, acts of vandalism, vandalism charges

theft

The act of stealing

robbery, stealing, burglary, shoplifting, pilfering, larceny, looting, embezzlement

He was arrested for theft. Anh ta bị bắt vì tội trộm cắp.

stealing property

theft charges, car theft, identity theft

blow

A sudden shock or setback

setback, misfortune, shock, tragedy, defeat, failure, hardship, burden

Losing the job was a real blow. Mất việc là một cú sốc thực sự.

major loss or difficulty

a heavy blow, a severe blow, deal a blow to

abolish

To officially end something

eliminate, stop, end, eradicate, terminate, cancel, repeal, nullify

Slavery was abolished in the 19th century. Chế độ nô lệ đã bị bãi bỏ vào thế kỷ 19.

put an end to

abolish the law, abolish slavery, call to abolish

profitable

Making a profit

lucrative, money-making, gainful, rewarding, beneficial, economic, successful, commercial

The business is highly profitable. Doanh nghiệp này rất có lãi.

financially beneficial

profitable venture, profitable business, highly profitable

pivotal

Extremely important or essential

key, crucial, vital, paramount, central, critical, fundamental, indispensable

Education plays a pivotal role in development. Giáo dục đóng vai trò then chốt trong sự phát triển.

crucial or central

pivotal role, pivotal moment, be pivotal to

characteristically

In a typical or expected way

typically, usually, normally, commonly, habitually, conventionally, routinely, regularly

She characteristically arrives early. Cô ấy thường đến sớm.

in a way that is typical

characteristically calm, characteristically polite

corporation

A large company or group of companies

firm, business, company, enterprise, conglomerate, organization, group, cooperation

He works for a multinational corporation. Anh ấy làm việc cho một tập đoàn đa quốc gia.

business entity

multinational corporation, large corporation, corporation tax

decisive

Having the power to make decisions quickly and confidently

determined, resolute, strong-minded, firm, unwavering, confident, assertive, unhesitating

Her decisive action prevented a disaster. Hành động dứt khoát của cô ấy đã ngăn chặn một thảm họa.

showing strong decision-making

decisive action, decisive victory, decisive factor

boast

To proudly talk about or possess something worth admiring

have, possess, own, feature, pride oneself on, show off, lay claim to, parade

The hotel boasts a luxurious spa. Khách sạn tự hào có spa sang trọng.

proudly possess

boast about, boast of, boast a feature

file for

To make an official request

apply for, submit, request, put in, register for, petition, lodge, seek

They filed for divorce. Họ đã nộp đơn ly hôn.

officially request

file for bankruptcy, file for divorce, file a complaint

patent

A legal right to make or sell an invention

copyright, license, protection, rights, trademark, legal document, registration, entitlement

He received a patent for his invention. Anh ấy đã nhận được bằng sáng chế cho phát minh của mình.

intellectual property protection

apply for a patent, hold a patent, patent rights

along with

Together or in addition to

together with, accompanied by, in company with, as well as, besides, plus, in conjunction with, jointly

He came along with his brother. Anh ấy đến cùng với anh trai.

in addition to

along with others, go along with, work along with

regarded as

Thought to be or considered as

thought of, seen as, considered as, known as, viewed as, perceived as, recognized as, identified as

He is regarded as a genius. Anh ấy được xem là một thiên tài.

considered to be

be regarded as, widely regarded, generally regarded

optimistic

Having a hopeful and positive view about the future

hopeful, positive, cheerful, confident, upbeat, bright, enthusiastic, buoyant

She is optimistic about her career. Cô ấy lạc quan về sự nghiệp của mình.

positive outlook

feel optimistic, remain optimistic, optimistic view

stand a chance

To have a possibility of success

be likely to succeed, have hope, be in the running, be eligible, have potential, be a contender, have prospects, be viable

He doesn't stand a chance of winning. Anh ấy không có cơ hội thắng.

have a possibility

stand a good chance, stand little chance

mentality

A person's mindset or way of thinking

mindset, outlook, attitude, belief, way of thinking, frame of mind, approach, perspective

She has a competitive mentality. Cô ấy có tư duy cạnh tranh.

way of thinking

change your mentality, growth mentality, victim mentality

long for

To want something very much

desire, yearn, crave, wish, want, hope for, ache for, hunger for

I long for peace and quiet. Tôi khao khát sự yên bình.

deeply desire

long for change, long for freedom

outlook

Someone’s general attitude or view on life or a topic

viewpoint, perspective, attitude, opinion, stance, point of view, approach, mindset

His outlook on life is very positive. Quan điểm sống của anh ấy rất tích cực.

view or perspective

positive outlook, economic outlook, global outlook