HWS sem 1 final (terms)

good luck :D

caste

Social hierarchy in India, dividing people into distinct classes based on birth, including Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (merchants), Sudras (laborers), and Pariahs (outcasts)

Indus river valley civilization

Ancient civilization in the Indian subcontinent, known for advanced urban planning and the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

gupta empire

Golden Age in ancient India (320–550 CE), characterized by cultural and scientific achievements, including advances in mathematics, medicine, and literature

Maurya Empire

Ancient Indian empire (322–185 BCE) established by Chandragupta Maurya, known for its political and economic stability.

british influence

Colonial rule in India by the British East India Company and later the British Crown, impacting Indian politics, economy, and culture.

mughal empire

Muslim empire in the Indian subcontinent (1526–1857), known for its architectural and artistic achievements, including the Taj Mahal.

indian independence

Gaining freedom from British rule in 1947, led by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru

dharma

In Hinduism, the moral and ethical duties and responsibilities that individuals must follow based on their caste, gender, and stage of life

karma

The concept in Hinduism and Buddhism that one's actions in this life will determine their fate in future lives

upanishads/gitas

Sacred texts in Hinduism that explore philosophical and spiritual concepts.

Brahma

hindu god of creation

vishnu

hindu god of preservation

Shiva

hindu god of destruction

reincarceration

Belief in the cycle of rebirth and the transmigration of the soul into a new body after death, central to Hinduism and Buddhism

civil disobedience

Nonviolent resistance against unjust laws or government policies, a concept advocated by Mahatma Gandhi

deccan plateau

Large plateau in southern India, known for its diverse geography and historical significance

dowry

Payment or gifts given by a bride's family to the groom's family in some cultures

East India Company

British trading company that played a significant role in the colonization of India

Himalayan Republics (nepal and Bhutan)

Mountainous regions with distinct cultures, located in the Himalayan range.

Indian national Congress

Political party in India, instrumental in the country's struggle for independence.

Indo gangetic plain

Fertile plain in northern India formed by the Ganges and Indus rivers, crucial for agriculture.

kashmir

Region in northern India with a history of territorial disputes.

winter and summer Monsoons

Seasonal wind patterns influencing climate, crucial for agriculture in India

monopoly

Exclusive control or possession of a commodity or service in a particular market.

Muslim League

Political party advocating for the interests of Muslims in British India

pakistan

Country created in 1947 as a result of the partition of British India, providing a separate nation for Muslims

purdah

Cultural practice in South Asia involving the seclusion or veiling of women

Salt March

Nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.

sanskrit

Ancient Indic language, the precursor to many modern Indian languages

satyagraha

Gandhian concept of nonviolent resistance, emphasizing truth and moral force

sepoy rebellion

Uprising against British rule in India by Indian soldiers in the East India Company's army (1857–1858).

Sri Lanka

Island nation in South Asia, known for its diverse culture and history.

Thar Desert

Large desert region in northwest India and southeastern Pakistan.

Five Relationships

Central to Confucianism, these relationships include ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, and friend-friend.

mandate of heaven/dynastic change

upper class

Social elites

• scholars

• landowners

• officals

Lower class

common people

• farmers

• laborers

• artisans

daoism

Chinese philosophy emphasizing harmony with the Dao, the natural way

confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing moral values, social harmony, and filial piety, attributed to Confucius.

buddhism

Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

communism

Political ideology advocating for a classless society and collective ownership of the means of production

collective/commune

In the context of China, communal living arrangements during periods like the Great Leap Forward

guomintang/nationalism

Chinese political party, initially led by Sun Yat-sen and later by Chiang Kai-shek.

long march

Retreat of the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War.

WWII/Japanese invasion

Impact of World War II and Japanese occupation on China.

formosa/taiwan

Island off the coast of China, formerly known as Formosa, with a complex political history.

Gang of Four

Political faction during China's Cultural Revolution, led by Jiang Qing, wife of Mao Zedong.

Four Olds

Campaign during the Cultural Revolution targeting old customs, culture, habits, and ideas.

Red Guards

Youth paramilitary groups in China during the Cultural Revolution, enforcing Maoist ideologies

Four Modernizations

Reforms in agriculture, industry, science, and defense initiated by Deng Xiaoping in post-Mao China

Warlords

Military leaders with regional power and influence, particularly during periods of political fragmentation

loess hills

Geological feature in China, consisting of wind-deposited sediment.

People’s Liberation Army

Chinese military force, aligned with the Communist Party.

Tiananmen square

Site in Beijing associated with pro-democracy protests in 1989, ending in a government crackdown

Okinawa

Island in Japan, known for its strategic significance and historical events during World War II.

Hiroshima and nagasaki

Japanese cities bombed by the United States with atomic weapons during World War II.

Kyoto

Historic city in Japan, known for its cultural heritage and traditional architecture.

Manchuria and Korea

Regions with historical and geopolitical significance in East Asia.

Edo

Historical name for Tokyo, especially during the Tokugawa shogunate.

Heian

Historical period in Japan (794–1185), marked by cultural flourishing.

diet

Japanese legislative body.

figurehead

Symbolic leader with no real power, often used in the context of a monarchy.

Zaibatsu

Large industrial and financial business conglomerates in Japan.

Typhoon

Powerful tropical cyclone, significant in Japanese history.

Monsoon

Seasonal wind pattern affecting East Asia, crucial for agriculture.

Tsunami

Large ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes, common in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Gaman

Japanese cultural concept of enduring and persevering through difficult times.

Juku

Private educational institutions in Japan.

Kumi

Group or association, often used in the context of schools and workplaces.

Shinto

Indigenous Japanese religion, emphasizing kami (spirits) and rituals.

Buddhism

Religious influence in Japan, coexisting with Shinto.

Matsuri

Traditional Japanese festival, often involving Shinto rituals.

4 affirmations

Key principles of Japanese education emphasizing love of country, family, nature, and effort

holidays

Traditional and modern celebrations in Japan.

taika

Reform era in ancient Japan (645–710), leading to political and social changes

heian

Historical period in Japan (794–1185), marked by cultural flourishing.

Meiji

Era in Japan (1868–1912) characterized by rapid modernization and Westernization

Repression

Suppression of dissent or opposition, often by a government

isolationism

Policy of avoiding political and economic relations with other countries

Armistice

Temporary suspension of hostilities, often leading to peace negotiations.

Homogenous Society

Society with a high degree of cultural and ethnic uniformity.

Annex

To incorporate a territory into an existing political entity

demilitarized zone

Buffer zone between North and South Korea, established after the Korean War

Hermit Kingdom

Historical nickname for Korea, reflecting its isolationist policies

Hangul

Korean writing system, introduced during the 15th century

pyongyang

capital of n korea

seoul

capital of s korea

March first movement

1919 uprising in Korea against Japanese colonial rule

Asian Tiger

Refers to highly developed economies in East Asia, including South Korea -Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

Nuclear threats

Concerns and geopolitical tensions related to nuclear weapons, especially on the Korean Peninsula

sahara

Vast desert in North Africa, one of the world's largest.

mediterranean

region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, impacting cultures and trade

tropical desert

howt desert regions near the equator

humid sub tropical

Climate zone characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters

Sahel

Transition zone in Africa between the Sahara Desert and tropical savanna

Rainforest

Lush forest with high rainfall, primarily found near the equator.

Marine

Relating to the sea, including coastal areas and islands.

Desertification

Process where fertile land becomes increasingly arid and unproductive

Great Rift Valley

Geological feature in East Africa, known for its tectonic activity

Martial Law

Temporary military rule, often declared during emergencies.