AP Human Geo- Unit 7

Includes test preparations, and definitions

Which of the following is an accurate description of GNI?

The values of goods and services produced by a country domestically and overseas

According to the HDI which of the following would be considered a social measure of development?

Literacy rate

Which of the following demographic characteristics of development would NOT be typical of a less developed country?

Low crude birth rate

A peasant in rural China is most likely employed in which sector of the economy?

Primary

Which of the following best describes the economic impact of gender inequality in reproductive health?

Non-provision of maternity leave

Which set of data best describes the overall structure of a highly developed country’s workforce (% of workforce engaged in each sector)

Primary 10%, secondary 30%, tertiary 60%

What are the characteristics of a quinary industry?

It involves the provision of higher-level services, such as college education and app creation

Which of these would NOT be a characteristic of microloans?

High repayment rates

Which of the following is NOT a locational tendency of high tech industries?

Inner city, downtown locations close to central business districts

Many US high tech companies have been outsourcing many of their technical support and other tertiary jobs to which of the following countries?

India

A result of the new International Division of Labor would be?

Loss of manufacturing jobs in MDC’s and increased employment in LDC’s

During the 1800s Industrial Revolution, the most important fuel source for manufacturing was…

coal

Computer technical support jobs are increasingly being outsources to India, because of improvements in telecommunication technology. Which term best exemplifies this trend?

Space-time compression

Shenzhen, China has been designated a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) by the Chinese government. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be found in Shenzhen?

Multinational corporations

Which of these have contributed the most to Mexico’s development over the past 20 years?

NAFTA and Maquiladoras

Which of the following Sun Belt jobs is a typical product of American economic restructuring?

Call center operations

Which of the following business operations is likely to be found in Silicon Valley, California?

Web design companies

The concept of outsourcing is becoming increasingly important in today’s industrial world. All of these are characteristics of outsourcing except…

It is mainly practiced domestically

Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 United Nations Milennium Development Goals?

increase global life expectancy

Using a global scale, which of the following regions would NOT be considered a major manufacturing region during the 20th century?

Southern India

Which of the following regions accounted for nearly 80% of the industrial output of the early 1800s Industrial Revolution?

Western Europe

All of the following descriptions explain in part the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution except…

reverse hierarchical. Manufacturing ideas and concepts from the outlying rural areas of the British Empire spread back to England and Industrial Revolution

Which of the following best explains why many companies continue to locate factories in traditional manufacturing regions like the northeast United States and Western Europe?

Large pool of skilled labor and quick delivery to large markets

Which of the following American cities is not located in a major manufacturing regions?

Miami

Which of the following areas is considered a peripheral region within China?

Lhasa (Western)

Which of these is NOT one of Rostow’s Five Stages of Development?

The Age of Fair Trade

Weber’s least cost location theory uses all of the following factors to determine optimum location of a manufacturing facility except…

transportation costs

Which of the following scenerios best represents Weber’s concept of agglomeration?

A tire factory located next to a car assembly plant

Which of the following best demonstrates the globalization of culture as a result of the formation of NAFTA?

The building of a Starbucks in Acapulco

Each image shows a different way that products of the Industrial Revolution were transported. Which of the following statements best compares the impacts of the two forms of transportation?

Both forms of transportation accelerated production and distribution of goods

Which of the following changes in global economic patterns occurred because of the innovations depicted in the two images?

Early adopters of the two innovations began to increase colonization in search of new sources of raw materials for manufacturing goods.

Which of the following best explains how the diffusion of industrialization relates to the two images shown?

The stone bridge predates the Industrial Revolution. The technology for steel bridgework became available through the diffusion of steel manufacturing processes.

Which of the following explains the development patterns for a country that has a large proportion of its economy engaged in the secondary economic sector?

The country has access to shipping lanes and inexpensive transport options that lead to establishment of factories close to raw materials or to markets, depending on the manufacturing process.

Which of the following best explains the relationship of a country's economic sector employment to its development level?

Core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of the economic emphasis on services.

The higher gross domestic product per capita in some less developed countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and Malaysia is best explained by increases in the value of the country's

manufacturing output and service industry employment

The map shows gross domestic product (GDP) by country. Which of the following factors best explains a limitation of GDP by country in comparing the level of productivity among countries?

Different population sizes, such as China, Japan, and the United States

Explain how the map represents an incomplete picture of the economy in India.

The data do not measure the informal economy, which in regions with high employment in agriculture could be significant.

Based on the data in the table, which of the following statements explains a limitation of using gross national income per capita compared to the Human Development Index as a measure of development?

Using gross national income per capita as a measure of development puts too much importance on economic production as the sole measure of development.

By tradition it is uncommon for women to hold personal bank accounts in Pakistan, and until the 1990s this was much the same in Bangladesh. Which of the following best explains the significant change in the percent of women with bank accounts in Bangladesh?

The increased access to microlending institutions for women, such as the Grameen Bank

Which of the following statements explains the data relationship between the statistics shown in the table?

A high level of economic development does not guarantee that women will have an equitable position in society.

In a number of countries there remains significant inequality between men and women. Based on a comparison of the patterns on the map, which of the following statements draws an accurate conclusion?

Women in Libya have more equality with men than do women in other African countries.

Rostow's stages of development can easily be applied to countries such as the United States and Japan, but not so easily to countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bolivia, because the theory…

places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources

Which of the following explains the most significant weakness of Wallerstein's world system theory?

World system theory provides little explanation about how a country like South Korea could rise from a peripheral country to a core economy.

Which of the following best explains a political-economic weakness or limitation of Rostow's stages of economic growth?

Rostow made the inaccurate assumption that all countries want modernization as defined in the model and would pass through the outlined stages in order.

Chile is able to grow and harvest grapes and strawberries in the months of October through April, while in the United States such fruit is harvested from April through October. The United States has a much larger manufacturing capacity and ships durable goods such as cars and trucks to Chile. These examples can best be explained by

the economic principle of comparative advantage

Which of the following explains how microlending policies can lead to interdependence in the world economy?

Increased funding opportunities for individuals in less developed countries have led to increased economic stability on a local level and trade opportunities with other countries.

In 2008, a debt crisis within the United States housing market triggered a global economic crisis. Which of the following best explains how this process occurred?

Because the global financial system is interconnected, banks in other countries were negatively affected by the crisis in the United States.

California's Silicon Valley is an example of a high-technology region. Which of the following would best accompany the map shown to help explain the origins of this high-technology region?

A description of how the area's research institutions, including Stanford University and the NASA Ames Research Center, served as growth poles for development

The image shows an open-pit coal mine in the United States. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the image in analyzing economic patterns of coal mining?

It does not indicate patterns of restructuring that have resulted in a decrease in coal mining jobs.

The map shows GDP per capita by country, with darker shading indicating higher GDP per capita. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the map in answering questions about the world's changing economic landscape?

The map shows economic productivity as GDP per capita in each country for a single year, but does not show change over time that would indicate a level of economic growth or decline.

In less developed countries, ecotourism blends environmental sustainability with the travel and hospitality service industry. This combination attracts global tourists to locations such as Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti Plain, and Victoria Falls in Africa. Which of the following best explains the relationship between global ecotourism and economic sustainability at the local scale?

Global ecotourism does not necessarily lead to local economic sustainability, as workers might not be paid a living wage at ecotourism resorts.

Microfinance is a form of banking whereby financial institutions issue small loans to people with low incomes, generally in less developed countries. Which of the following best explains how microfinance loans are intended to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals?

Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses, which contributes to the goal of ending poverty.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the increasing global popularity of ecotourism?

The development of small, locally owned lodges near ecological preserves in the Brazilian Amazon due to tourists' desire to benefit the local economy and minimize their environmental impact

Prior to the 18th Century, _____ dominated

Cottage Industries

How did the Industrial Revolution create a shift in markets?

• Introduced steam power

• Used machines and low-skilled labor

• Grew individual wealth

• Industry did not spread evenly across the world

Did LDC’s continue to have cottage industries after the Industrial Revolution?

Yes

How did the Industrial Revolution expand or diffuse?

East and West

When talking about places for factories, what factors drove location?

• access to energy resources

• production of minerals/agriculture

• access to transportation

How did the Industrial Revolution change cities?

Due to agricultural job lose and the development of railways it allowed for cities to grow both in physical and population size

Why did Imperialism grow as Industrialization grew?

Countries wanted to control trading ports, which caused most industrial regions to be along the coast of countries

What did the 2nd Agricultural Revolution do?

It applied modern technology to farming, which made it quicker and more efficient without as much human labor

What are the 3 main sectors of Workforce?

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

What are the 2 additional sectors of the workforce?

Quarternary, and quinary

What is the Primary sector?

It’s hard physical labor, like extracting natural resources from the earth (mining, fishing, etc). Is more prevalent in LDC’s

What is the Secondary sector?

It’s production, so making products from natural resources (manufacturing, building, etc). Has a lot of wage variation, and is prevalent in Developing Countries.

What is the Tertiary (Service) sector?

It’s less labor intensive work, so providing information and services to people (retail sales, medicine, etc.). Is more prevalent in MDC’s.

What is the Quarternary sector?

It’s more managing and processing information (financial analysis, software development, etc). Has a small percentage of employees who are specially trained and they earn higher wages.

What is the Quinary sector?

It’s more making high-level decisions and creating information (research, top managers in corporations, etc.). It has a very small percentage of employees who earn a very high income.

What does the labor force do as you go up the workforce?

It shrinks since it becomes more select

What is deindustrialization caused by?

It’s caused by it being cheaper to produce something elsewhere than it is in that country (could be effected by worker unions)

What is the Multiplier Effect?

the potential of a job to produce more jobs (every dollar invested generates $1.92 of demand for other services and goods)

Friction of Distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

What is an example of Friction of Distance

You would be less likely to go to a restaurant in Nashville every night due to the drive

Distance Decay

the impact of a function or activity will decline as one moves away from its point of orgin

What is an example of Distance Decay?

You are not going to a restaurant in Nashville since you don’t know it

What 3 factors did Weber’s Least Cost Theory refer to?

• minimize transportation costs

• minimize labor costs

• maximize agglomeration economies

What did Weber assume?

• everywhere had an isotropic plain (type of topography)

• one finished product with one market

• fixed location of raw materials and market site

• labor is fixed, but available in unlimited quantities at production site

• transportation is uniform and costs are a function of weight and distance

Did Weber want to maximize agglomeration, and if so, why?

Yes, because it would result in a per-unit savings for facilities, labor force, infrastructure, services, and raw material

Where did Weber assume locating industries would take place?

By a source of labor, so if it needed a lot of people that weren’t very skilled, in a city. Or if it needed educated employees it would be located near universities

Where will industries locate that rely on large amounts of energy, according to Weber?

They will locate near cheaper sources of energy

What are limitations of Weber’s theory?

• there are geographical variations (not everything is an isotropic plain)

• there are terminal costs

• transport costs are becoming less of a factor

• labor is mobile, and does not exist in unlimited quantities

• plants often produce a variety of outputs for many markets

Substitution Principle

decreases in certain costs can offset increases in others (ex: if a product’s price gets too high, then consumers will move on to a new brand)

What is containerization?

through break of bulk processes, it has made the transfer of cargo easier (price gets a discount if you buy in bulk)

Why can containers be easily loaded on ships, trucks, trains, or planes?

Intermodality

What is Harold Hotelling Model (2-dimensional)

• relies on locational interdependence

• two vendors located on plots A & C, eventually gravitate towards plot B

Locational Interdependence

the location of industries can’t be understood without reference to the location of other industries of like kind

August Losch’s Theory

• relies on profit maximization (firms identifying a zone of profitability not just a point)

• other businesses can come in and change the configuration of that zone

• agglomeration can give the entire area a competitive advantage

Development

a specified state of growth or advancement (there are different scales: global, regional, or local)

GDP

gross domestic product, everything produced in a country’s borders in a given year

GNP

gross national product, includes foreign investments in a given year

GNI

gross national income, the most accurate measure of wealth

What is higher in developed countries because people typically work more in the tertiary sector?

average per capita income

Formal Sector of the economy

regulated and/or taxed by the government, is included when calculating GDP & GNI, includes typical professions

Informal Sector of the economy

most illegal products that are sold and/or NOT regulated by the government, “under the table” work

True or False: a country with a larger formal economy is one that is generally more developed

True

Gini Coefficient

measures the distribution of income within a population, the higher the number is the higher the income inequality (generally MDCs have lower Ginis, and LDCs have higher Ginis)

Energy Consumption

is higher per capita in MDC’s, in DC’s the demand for fossil fuels increases

Renewable Energy

Nuclear Energy is increasing in MDC’s, hydroelectric is higher in DC’s

TFR

total fertility rate, high in LDC’s low in MDC’s

IMR

infant mortality rate, high in LDC’s low in MDC’s, measured per 1,000 live births