Cerebellum

dopamine is synthesized where

substania nigra, ventral tegmental area

dopamine projections to the striatum

substania nigra and is important for motor control and reward

dopamine projections to the cortex (frontal lobe)

ventral tegmental area, important for cognition, emotion, and reward

what happens to the neurons in the substantial nigra in Parkinson’s disease

they die

where is the norepinephrine synthesized

locus coerculus

serotonin

synthesized by the raphe nuclei

what does serotonin diffuse projections

• diffuse projections throughout the brain

• implicated in mood, memory, and pain suppressions

• acted upon by many antidepressants

cerebellum

little brain and has the same cytoarchitecture.

Cerebellum is responsible what in movement

quality control.

Steps for cerebellum

upper motor neuron in primary motor cortex synapses on lower motor neuron to implement motor command. Copy of motor command to sent to cerebellum. Proprioceptive information sent to cerebellum. Cerebellum compares command to actual motion and then sends feedback to motor cortex.

cerebellum white matter

arbor vitae (on the inside)

cerebellum gray matter

cerebellar cortex (on the outside)

Three anatomical subdivisions of the cerebellum

focculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum), posterior lobe (cereberocerebellum), anterior lobe (spinocerebellum)

Vestibulocerebellum

balance and eye movement

what is the input of vestibulocerebellum

vestibular nuceli

what is the output of the vestibulocerebellum

fastigial nuclei and vestibular nuclei and then to lower motor neurons

spinocerebellum input

proprioception

spinocerebellum output

interposed nuclei, then to descending motor pathway

input of the cerebrocerebellum

cortex

output to dentate nucleus

to the dentate nucleus then to thalamus and cortex

three nuclei in the cerebellum

fatsigal, interposed, dentate

fastigal

output of vestibulocerebellum

interposed

out of spinocerebellum

dentate

output of cerebrocerebellum

three peduncles or axons in the cerebellum

superior: efferent output to cortex

middle: afferent, input from cortex

inferior: efferent and afferent input about body position

molecular layer

axons, interneurons

Purkinjie layer

single row of cells

Granular layer

densely packed granule cells and interneurons

Two types of input

both inputs are excitatory, climbing fibers from inferior olive and the mossy fibers from the spinal cord, cortex via the pons. info about voluntary movements.

cerebellar plasticity

when a climbing fiber synapse and a parallel fiber synapse at the same time, the parallel fiber synapses are weakened

Theory: granule cells give contnuous information about what the body is doing. When the body make a movement error, climbing fiber firees kicking off parallel fiber synapses.