Psychological Science & Research Methods

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the essential characteristics of science, research study types, and experimental design components.

Non-dogmatic

One of the essential characteristics of science where beliefs are not held as absolute truth and are subject to change.

Skeptical

An essential characteristic of science that involves questioning and doubting claims until they are supported by evidence.

Empirical

An essential characteristic of science meaning it is based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Cumulative

An essential characteristic of science where new knowledge builds upon previously established research.

Falsifiable

An essential characteristic of science requiring that a theory or hypothesis must be capable of being proven false.

Descriptive Study Types

The three types discussed include observational studies, case studies, and self-report methodology.

Naturalistic Observation

Watching and recording the behaviors of others within their natural environments.

Self-report studies

Research methods that include interviews, questionnaires, and surveys.

Sample

A group chosen for a study that is representative of the population.

Population

The larger grouping from which a sample can be drawn.

Significance of Representative Sampling

It is important because it allows researchers to generalize findings to the entire population.

Correlation coefficient

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

(+) Sign Indication

Indicates a positive direction of the relationship between variables.

(-) Sign Indication

Indicates a negative direction of the relationship between variables.

Correlation and Causation

Correlational research does not allow for determining cause-effect relationships because correlation does not equate causation.

Third variable problem

Occurs when an observed correlation between two variables is actually caused by a hidden third variable.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The outcome factor being measured in an experiment.

Operational Variable

A measurable description of a concept, behavior, or variable.

Experimental Group

The group in a study that receives the treatment or the independent variable being tested.

Control Group

The group that does not receive the treatment given to the Experimental Group.

Blind and Double Blind

Research methods used to minimize bias in studies.

Random Assignment

An experimental technique in research that uses chance procedures to assign participants to treatment or control groups.

Confounding variable

An extra or third variable in a research study that correlates with both the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable.