Bio - Metabolism + Electron transport chain

Energy

the capacity to perform work (cause change)

Potential Energy

stored energy that has the potential to do work.

Chemical Energy

a form of potential energy. Energy stored in Chemical Bonds.

Kinetic Energy

energy in Motion.

Potential Energy - Example

A ball about to be dropped. Water behind a dam.

Chemical Energy - Example

Bonds in glucose molecules.

Kinetic Energy - Example

A dam opening to let water fall. Membrane protein opening to let ions on the inside of the cell out.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

“Energy currency”. Has high potential energy. Phosphate groups attached by high energy bond. Releases energy when bond breaks to run cellular processes. Unstable.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

What is left after a phosphate is broken off of ATP. Low potential energy.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformation

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Can be converted, transformed, transferred between different forms 

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Energy conversion is inefficient. Every time we convert energy, we "Lose" some as heat. (why we get hot and need water in our body)

Energy Cycling

Review - Energy Cycling

Mechanical Work

This is when cells move things.

Ex. Cilia on some cells wave back and forth to move fluid.

Transport Work

This is when cells move molecules against the concentration gradient.

Ex. Active transport (Bulk transport…)

Chemical Work

Endergonic reaction (reaction the requires Energy)

Energy Coupling

Running two reactions at the same time (releasing energy and taking energy). Cells are Multitasking.

Catabolic Pathway

Breaking a molecule down (release energy).

Ex. Cellular respiration

Anabolic Pathway

Builds molecules (stores energy).

Ex. Building protein from amino acids.

Metabolism

Is a series of chemical reactions. Many require energy (activation energy) some are reliant on Enzymes (which lower cost of energy)

Oxidation - Reduction reactions

Transfer of electron(s) from one Reactant to another.

Reduction

Is the Gain of electron(s).

Oxidation

Is the Loss of electron(s).

Ex. Glucose goes through oxidation in cellular respiration