PSYC 1650: Exam 4

________________ is a symbol based system to convey ideas.

Language

What is the closets relatives to humans?

Bonobo monkeys

What do theories of language say?

-simply a by-product of overall brain development/intelligence

-evolved as an extra part of the brain

What percentage of our DNA differs from chimps?

1-2% difference

What is a built-in mechanism for acquiring language in the brain?

language acquisition device, our brains have a specialized function

What does the poverty of the stimulus agreement argue?

Kids produce grammar skills they haven't heard before, ex. adding an S to the end of a word

What is an example of telegraphic speech?

Um, But, So

What does injury to Broca's area lead to?

Aphasia: inability to speak

Located:

Left hemisphere, frontal lobe

What does injury to Wernicke's area lead to?

Anomia: inability to recall names of objects

Located:

Left hemisphere, temporal lobe

What is defined as the ability to acquire & apply knowledge & skills?

Intelligence

What do lumpers believe?

they think your smart or not

IQ is one thing

What do spliters believe?

believe in multiple intelligences & that people have certain strengths

IQ is different things

What is general intelligence?

people are smart all around, smart is all

What is multiple intelligence?

People might stand out in certain areas more than others

What does the triarchic theory of intelligence argue?

There are analytic, creative, & practical types of intelligence

What does the parieto-frontal integration (P-Fit) model of intelligence explain?

strengths of connections, white matter efficiency is important

How does Williams Syndrome affect individuals diagnosed?

-reading other people

-lack ability of ADL

-shine in language

What is fluid intelligence?

the ability to think abstractly, independently of past learning

this declines with age

What is crystallized intelligence?

knowledge you've accumulated over the years & your experience

True or False:

Most IQ tests are biased.

True

What is the Raven Progressive Model best for?

symbols for all testing, good because it is not culturally specific

What is the correlation between the brain size & intelligence?

.3

The _______________ the IQ, the ______________ the brain power when solving problems.

higher, lower

What is the correlation for heritability & IQ?

.5, it's impossible to rule out environment

What does the P-Fit model explain?

P= parietal

F= frontal

strength of the connections matter, white matter efficiency

What is the process of guiding & maintaining your behavior to reach a desired goal?

motivation

What are three biological theroies?

-Instinct

-Drive reduction

-Arousal

What does instinct theory argue?

that there are genetic human instincts that impact behavior

ex. sex

What does drive reduction theory argue?

the ideas of homeostasis

unbalanced to balanced

What does arousal theory argue?

we are motivated to seek an amount of arousal, we want to be stimulated

We have _____________ in our stomachs that sense "emptiness" and send signals to the brain (hypothalamus).

nerves

What does an increase in dopamine lead to?

an increase in short-moderate cortisol release

________________ intake is just as important as intake in general.

caloric

What are the three sections for hunger?

Lateral HY: makes you feel hungry

Ventromedial HY: makes you feel full

Paraventricular HY: helps regulate hunger by hormonal release

What does the release of glucagon cause?

a decrease in hunger

What do pancreatic hormones do?

control levels of glucose in the body

(insulin & glucagon)

What does insulin do?

facilitates the entry of glucose into cells, used & stored as fat

What is stored glucose known as?

Glycogen

What does glucagon do?

it is released to break down the stored glycogen

hunger signal

What happens to our hormones after a meal?

- increase in insulin levels

- decrease in hunger

- glucose enters the cell

What acts as a satiety signal in the brain after a meal?

glucose

What do adrenaline junkies lack?

they have the inability to manage DA

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune disorder that attacks the pancreas

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance, can be cured if caught early

True or False:

You can take an insulin pills if you have diabetes.

False

What hormone in the gut signals fullness?

CCK & Leptin

ADL's have an ______________ level of arousal.

Optimal

Difficult tasks have a _____________ level of arousal.

Increased

What is anorexia nervosa?

a failure to eat enough to maintain 85% of normal body weight

commonly in females & athletes

What is a hallmark symptom of anorexia nervosa?

a distorted body image

What is bulimia nervosa?

binge & purge behaviors, it's a very secretive disorder

What hormones are "off" in individuals with eating disorder?

DA & 5HT

What is obesity characterized as?

20% over your normal BMI

it is considered a medical disorder

1 in 3 Americans are Obese

What are some functions of the brain with someone with obesity?

- some view it is an addiction

-neural activity the same as a junkie when eating

-diets don't work long-term/ lifestyle changes do

What is the key to a healthy lifestyle?

Moderation

-good diet & exercise

NEVER totally deprive yourself of anything

What percentage of college females have disordered eating?

60-70%

What does exercise do for your body?

-critical for toning the body

-fantastic for brain & heart health

-it doesn't help you loose weight due to refueling & rewarding

___________________ are a feeling state physiological arousal, thoughts, and changes in outward expression

Emotions

What does the James-Lange theory of emotions argue?

physiology (behavior) precedes cognition, we are scared because we are running

What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions argue?

physiology & cognition occur simultaneously

What does the two-factor theory of emotions argue?

physiology first to then label an emotion, agrees with James-Lange theory

What does the dual pathway model of emotion explain?

-states that all three theories offer components of emotion

- our brain has a low road (unconscious) & a high road (appraisal of the situation)

What is the first sign of CVD?

Death, it's often too late

or

Ventricular fibrillation which is useless for blood circulation

What does Voodoo death suggest?

too much parasympathetic activity after sympathetic activity.

It's an over-correction "rebound" of the SNS response

What did research from Davis & Desilva find?

Psychophysiological Death: dramatic version o sudden cardiac death

What are polygraphs used for?

"lie detector tests"

they measure sympathetic arousal

Are polygraphs accurate when used as a lie detector?

No, they assume people are nervous when they lie

What are three functions of emotions?

Motivational

Social

Coping

What is anhedonia?

the inability to experience pleasure

What is emotional liability?

may be a symptom of brain injury or psychological disorder

What is emotional intelligence?

an ability to recognize one's own & others emotions

excel in self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, & relationship management

What is emotional expression?

-body language

-differs among cultures

-differences in individualistic vs collectivist societies

What are three characteristics of abnormal?

-Deviance: differs from the norm

-Distress Dysfunction: personal distress

-Danger: to themselves

What does the DSM-5 stand for?

Diagnostic & statistical manual: primary tool for diagnosing psychological disorders

What agency criticizes the DSM?

NIH because it ignores the biology as a cause of a disorder

What goes into diagnosing an individuals with a psychological disorder?

set of criteria, clinical history, differential diagnosis (ruling out other possibilities)

What is the first thing done when trying to diagnose a patient?

Differential Diagnosis

What is the cultural formulation interview?

It's in the DSM-5 to give to clients to help them assess what are cultural issues versus mental health issues

True or False:

Diagnostic labels may lead to stigma.

True

Any given month, ________% of US adults report serious psychological distress.

3% but this is likely underestimated

Who is more likely to be diagnosed as a sociopath?

Men

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with depression?

Women

Mental Illness can be a result of...

-bad genes

-chemical imbalances or structure in the brain

What do stress-vulnerability models explain?

our environment directly impacts our biology

What are examples of neurodevelopment disorders?

ASD, Tourette's, Schizophrenia

ASD

impairment in social interaction, EI is important

Tourette's disorder

simple vocal tics, repeat phrases or movements, can decline with age, no known cause

Schizophrenia

impaired thoughts & emotions, psychosis, delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech

What does the neurodevelopment theory state?

due to abnormalities with pre or neo-natal development of the nervous system

What does having positive symptoms mean?

presence of abnormal behaviors

What does having negative symptoms mean?

the absence of normal behaviors

What is a hallmark of schizophrenia?

large lateral ventricles, less gray matter

What is bipolar characterized as?

a destabilized mood

What was bipolar disorder formerly known as?

manic depression disorder

What is type I & type II bipolar disorder?

Type I: full-blown mania followed by depression excessive involvement in activities with punishment

Type II: hypomania & exhibition of agitation & anxiety

How long do manic episodes last on average?

anywhere from days to a year

How much longer do depressive phases last compared to manic phases?

3x longer

What is a more chronic form of a disorder?

cyclothymic disorder

What is the drug of choice for someone with bipolar disorder?

lithium: mood-stabilizer

What drug was first used a medication for depression?

ketamine