Developmental Psychology (Second Half)

Phonemes

smallest unit of sound in language ("b")

Morpheme

smallest unit of meaning in language "-ed"

ex: un break able (3)

Grammar

rules of a language; how words are combined into sentences

Syntax

rules for the arranging words & phrases into sentences

Semantics

meaning of words, phrases, or sentences

• can have correct grammar but make lil sense

• “the sandwich studied for the psych exam”

Cooing

stage of language development when vowel-like sounds are produced, besides crying

Babbling

stage of language development when combination of consomants & vowels are produced along with phonemes from foreign languages

One-word stage

stage of language development when single words are used to represent entire ideas

Telegraphic stage

stage of language development when two- or three-word combinations that resemble a tweet are used; mostly contains one noun and one verb

overgeneralization

incorrect application of grammer rules to where they do not belong

“i throwed my truck at her and she hitted me”

Ecological systems

divides environment into five interrelated systems that shape an individual's development (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem)

Microsystem

groups that have direct contact with the individual; has the most powerful influence (family, school, peers)

Mesosystem

relationships between groups in different microsystems (between a child's home & school)

Exosystem

external, indirect factors that can still have an impact on development (parent's stressful job, government policies)

Macrosystem

outermost layer that includes

• cultural values (towards education)

• economic conditions

• social norms (gender roles)

• & laws

Chronosystem

current stage of life in terms of time (life transitions - parents' divorce, historical events - pandemic)

Authoritarian parenting

Style of parenting in which parents are rigid and overly strict with little flexibility (high control/low warmth)

Permissive parenting

Style of parenting in which parents give in to child's desire & do not enforce boundaries (low control/high warmth)

Authoritative parenting

Parenting style in which parents set clear expectations while remaining responsive to the child (high control/high warmth)

Attachment

Strong emotional bond that develops between infant & primary caregiver

Mary Ainsworth

Psychologist who studied different attachment styles of kids

Secure Attachment

The type of attachment where children trust the caregiver as safe & reliable sources of comfort

Insecure Attachment: Avoidant

The type of attachment where children pay little attention or show little response to caregiver

Insecure Attachment: Anxious

The type of attachment where children show intense distress & clingy behavior, but are difficult to comfort

Insecure Attachment: Disorganized

The type of attachment where children show inconsistent, confused or fearful behavior toward caregiver

Temperament

Child's biologically-based emotional reactivity & ability to self-regulate that impacts attachment

Stranger anxiety

Intense fear children experience when separated from a caregiver; developmentally normal

Harry Harlow

Researcher who showed that monkeys preferred contact with soft cloth mother than wired mother with food

Parallel play

play in which children play alongside each other but without interaction

Pretend play

play in which children use imagination to create scenarios & roles

Adolescent egocentrism

difficulty in adolescents distinguishing between one's own perspective & perspective of others

Imaginary audience

belief that others are constantly watching & judging their behavior & appearance

Personal fable

belief that their experiences & feelings are unique & normal consequences do not apply to them

Social clock

culturally preferred timing for major life events such as marriage, parenthood, & career entry

Emerging adulthood

transitional period between adolescence & full adulthood characterized by exploration & instability

Erik Erikson

Psychologist known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development or "developmental crisis"

Trust vs. Mistrust (1)

Erikson's stage in which infants develop trust when caregiver provides reliable care & affection

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2)

Erikson's stage in which toddlers gain sense of control through making choices & completing tasks independently

Initiative vs. Guilt (3)

Erikson's stage in which children gain independence when encouraged to explore, plan, & make decisions

Industry vs. Inferiority (4)

Erikson's stage in which school-aged gain competence by experiencing success or recognition in school, hobbies, or sports

Identity vs. Role Confusion (5)

Erikson's stage during which adolescents explore values, beliefs, & social roles to form stable sense of self

intimacy vs. isolation (6)

Erikson's stage in which young adults form deep, meaningful connections through personal relationships

Generativity vs. Stagnation (7)

Erikson's stage in which middle-aged adults raise children, work, & contribute to society, fostering feelings of usefulness

Integrity vs. Despair (8)

Erikson's stage in which older adults reflect on life with acceptance & satisfaction, bringing a sense of fulfillment

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

potentially traumatic events that occur before age 18 & can negatively affect development, health, & relationships throughout life

Identity achievement

committed to a chosen identity after exploring various options

Identity moratorium

actively exploring different identities, but

not yet committed

Identity foreclosure

committed to an identity without exploring options

Identity diffusion

apathetic stage of being neither exploring nor committed

racial/ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, religious, occupational, familial

domains of identity formation (6)