BIO 1011 Final

Arteries

Takes blood away from the heart to the capillaries

Veins

Returns blood to heart

Heart

Muscle that pumps oxygenated blood into arteries

Lungs

Exchange of gases between air and blood

What part of the cardiac cycle creates a pulse and why?

Left and right ventricles undergoing systole (contraction)

What part of the heart causes lub-dub sound?

Valves closing (no mixture of blood)

What is the correct order of blood flow?

Why do we need oxygen?

Helps in production of ATP

Bronchioles

In lower respiratory system and has big surface area to help oxygen collide more and absorb more easily

Inspiration

Muscle contractions lower diaphram and raise hinged ribs, allowing for air to move in

Expiration

Muscle of diaphram and ribs relax, allowing air to move out

Where does gas exchange happen?

Lungs

In what two systems do gas exchange happen?

Cardiovascular system and respiratory system

How does gas exchange happen?

Diffusion happens in the alveoli (membrane) in lungs

How does the excretion of urine occur?

Kidney filters urine → Travels down from ureter to bladder → Stored in bladder until ready and then excreted

Renal cortex

First major part of kidney—Houses nephrons that help filter blood

Renal medulla

Second major part of the kidney—Most of the nephrons are located here and help with reabsorption of water, salt, and glucose.

Renal pelvis

Third major part of the kidney—Urine is collected here.

Glomeruli capsule

First part of nephron → Blood is filtered

Proximal convilated tubule

Second part of nephron → Reabsorption of filtrates (water, salt, glucose)

Loop of the nephron

Third part of the nephron → more reabsorption of water

Distal convulated tubule

Fourth part of the nephron → begins process of secretion

Collecting duct

Fifth part of the nephron → delivers urine to renal pelvis

What are the four organs of the lymphatic system?

Red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph node, spleen

Red bone marrow

Produces all red blood cells, in spongy bone

Thymus gland

Maturation of t-cells

Lymph node

Filters nymph

Spleen

Filters blood

Neutrophil

Most common and does phagocytosis

Monocyte

Immature macrophage, recruits specific immunity

Lymphocyte

Specific immunity, both t-cells and b-cells

T-cells

Takes a long time to mature and kills antigen bearing cells outright

B-cells

Antibodies that attach and kill

Eosinophils

Goes after bigger stuff, uses enzymes to poke holes (think worms)

Basophils

Releases histamines (allergic reaction)

What is the order in which immune cells appear?

Neutrophil → Monocyte → Lymphocyte

Which cells are always on patrol?

Neutrophil, monocyte

Which cells need to learn? (adaptive immunity)

Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Nonspecific immunity

Barriers to entry → skin, mucus, oil

Inflammation

Neutrophils and macrophages

Specific Immunity

B-cells and T-cells

What does the hypothalamus do?

Regulates homeostasis

Pituitary gland

Controls the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary

Controls thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads

Thyroid gland

Creates hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium, is dependent on iodine (salt)

Adrenal gland

On top of kidneys, regulates urination, salt & water balance, cortisol, sex hormones, fight or flight

Parathyroid gland

On top of thyroid gland, increases calcium levels

Pancreas

Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and mood.

Cerebrum

Thought + Sensory processing

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus + Thalamus

• Hormone regulation / homeostasis

• Regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, body temp, water balance

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain + spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves outside the CNS, for sensory information

Neuron parts

include cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Synapse

the junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted.

Nerve impulse

A wave of electrical activity that travels along the axon of a neuron, transmitting signals.

Action potential

The change in electrical charge that occurs when a neuron fires, leading to the transmission of a nerve impulse. Charges flip. Has a refractory period.

Purpose of motor system

Physical support, supports internal organs, helps immune system function

What does the motor system regulate?

Body temperature and assist in movement of blood

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular skeleton

Shoulder, pelvis, hips

Compact bone

Stores and releses calcium

Spongy bone

Tissues store red blood cells

Bone cavity

Yellow bone marrow that stores fat

Antagonistic pairs

Muscles that pull a bone in opposite direction (bicep & triceps)

Flanks elbow joint

Crossing over

In prophase— Phenomenon where genetic information shuffles from one homologous chromosome to another

Sister chromatid

Before splitting, it counts as a single chromosome

Haploid cells

Sex cells, created in meiosis

Difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Meiosis II → Separates sister chromatids

Journey of the sperm cell

Testes → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis → exit

What does the sperm need?

Alkaline solution, nutrients, lubricant (created by glands)

Oviducts

Not connected directly to ovaries → fimbrae sweep ovaries

Uterus

Embryo embeds in lining (endometrium)