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Arteries
Takes blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Veins
Returns blood to heart
Heart
Muscle that pumps oxygenated blood into arteries
Lungs
Exchange of gases between air and blood
What part of the cardiac cycle creates a pulse and why?
Left and right ventricles undergoing systole (contraction)
What part of the heart causes lub-dub sound?
Valves closing (no mixture of blood)
What is the correct order of blood flow?
Why do we need oxygen?
Helps in production of ATP
Bronchioles
In lower respiratory system and has big surface area to help oxygen collide more and absorb more easily
Inspiration
Muscle contractions lower diaphram and raise hinged ribs, allowing for air to move in
Expiration
Muscle of diaphram and ribs relax, allowing air to move out
Where does gas exchange happen?
Lungs
In what two systems do gas exchange happen?
Cardiovascular system and respiratory system
How does gas exchange happen?
Diffusion happens in the alveoli (membrane) in lungs
How does the excretion of urine occur?
Kidney filters urine → Travels down from ureter to bladder → Stored in bladder until ready and then excreted
Renal cortex
First major part of kidney—Houses nephrons that help filter blood
Renal medulla
Second major part of the kidney—Most of the nephrons are located here and help with reabsorption of water, salt, and glucose.
Renal pelvis
Third major part of the kidney—Urine is collected here.
Glomeruli capsule
First part of nephron → Blood is filtered
Proximal convilated tubule
Second part of nephron → Reabsorption of filtrates (water, salt, glucose)
Loop of the nephron
Third part of the nephron → more reabsorption of water
Distal convulated tubule
Fourth part of the nephron → begins process of secretion
Collecting duct
Fifth part of the nephron → delivers urine to renal pelvis
What are the four organs of the lymphatic system?
Red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph node, spleen
Red bone marrow
Produces all red blood cells, in spongy bone
Thymus gland
Maturation of t-cells
Lymph node
Filters nymph
Spleen
Filters blood
Neutrophil
Most common and does phagocytosis
Monocyte
Immature macrophage, recruits specific immunity
Lymphocyte
Specific immunity, both t-cells and b-cells
T-cells
Takes a long time to mature and kills antigen bearing cells outright
B-cells
Antibodies that attach and kill
Eosinophils
Goes after bigger stuff, uses enzymes to poke holes (think worms)
Basophils
Releases histamines (allergic reaction)
What is the order in which immune cells appear?
Neutrophil → Monocyte → Lymphocyte
Which cells are always on patrol?
Neutrophil, monocyte
Which cells need to learn? (adaptive immunity)
Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Nonspecific immunity
Barriers to entry → skin, mucus, oil
Inflammation
Neutrophils and macrophages
Specific Immunity
B-cells and T-cells
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulates homeostasis
Pituitary gland
Controls the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary
Controls thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads
Thyroid gland
Creates hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium, is dependent on iodine (salt)
Adrenal gland
On top of kidneys, regulates urination, salt & water balance, cortisol, sex hormones, fight or flight
Parathyroid gland
On top of thyroid gland, increases calcium levels
Pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and mood.
Cerebrum
Thought + Sensory processing
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus + Thalamus
Hormone regulation / homeostasis
Regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, body temp, water balance
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves outside the CNS, for sensory information
Neuron parts
include cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Synapse
the junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted.
Nerve impulse
A wave of electrical activity that travels along the axon of a neuron, transmitting signals.
Action potential
The change in electrical charge that occurs when a neuron fires, leading to the transmission of a nerve impulse. Charges flip. Has a refractory period.
Purpose of motor system
Physical support, supports internal organs, helps immune system function
What does the motor system regulate?
Body temperature and assist in movement of blood
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
Shoulder, pelvis, hips
Compact bone
Stores and releses calcium
Spongy bone
Tissues store red blood cells
Bone cavity
Yellow bone marrow that stores fat
Antagonistic pairs
Muscles that pull a bone in opposite direction (bicep & triceps)
Flanks elbow joint
Crossing over
In prophase— Phenomenon where genetic information shuffles from one homologous chromosome to another
Sister chromatid
Before splitting, it counts as a single chromosome
Haploid cells
Sex cells, created in meiosis
Difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?
Meiosis II → Separates sister chromatids
Journey of the sperm cell
Testes → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis → exit
What does the sperm need?
Alkaline solution, nutrients, lubricant (created by glands)
Oviducts
Not connected directly to ovaries → fimbrae sweep ovaries
Uterus
Embryo embeds in lining (endometrium)